Concentrations of bisphenol A in the composite food samples from the 2008 Canadian total diet study in Quebec City and dietary intake estimates

Abstract

A total of 154 food composite samples from the 2008 total diet study in Quebec City were analysed for bisphenol A (BPA), and BPA was detected in less than half (36%, or 55 samples) of the samples tested. High concentrations of BPA were found mostly in the composite samples containing canned foods, with the highest BPA level being observed in canned fish (106 ng g−1), followed by canned corn (83.7 ng g−1), canned soups (22.2–44.4 ng g−1), canned baked beans (23.5 ng g−1), canned peas (16.8 ng g−1), canned evaporated milk (15.3 ng g−1), and canned luncheon meats (10.5 ng g−1). BPA levels in baby food composite samples were low, with 2.75 ng g−1 in canned liquid infant formula, and 0.84–2.46 ng g−1 in jarred baby foods. BPA was also detected in some foods that are not canned or in jars, such as yeast (8.52 ng g−1), baking powder (0.64 ng g−1), some cheeses (0.68–2.24 ng g−1), breads and some cereals (0.40–1.73 ng g−1), and fast foods (1.1–10.9 ng g−1). Dietary intakes of BPA were low for all age–sex groups, with 0.17–0.33 μg kg−1 body weight day−1 for infants, 0.082–0.23 μg kg−1 body weight day−1 for children aged from 1 to 19 years, and 0.052–0.081 μg kg−1 body weight day−1 for adults, well below the established regulatory limits. BPA intakes from 19 of the 55 samples account for more than 95% of the total dietary intakes, and most of the 19 samples were either canned or in jars. Intakes of BPA from non-canned foods are low.

Exposure to Bisphenol A From Drinking Canned Beverages Increases Blood Pressure

“…23 Several previous studies have reported that BPA in the inner coating of cans may leach into the food based on measurements of BPA concentrations in various canned products. [24][25][26][27][28][29] BPA concentrations in the canned beverage in the present study were comparable with the results of previous studies. For instance, Lim et al 26 reported that mean BPA concentrations in canned beverages were 8.30 μg/kg, with the range being nondetectable to 14.26 μg/kg.…”

Adverse Effects of Bisphenol A on Male Reproductive Function

“…BPA is known to be used in the manufacture of microwave oven ware, from which it may be released to food (EFSA 2006 ;Geens et al 2012 ). Oral exposure to BPA may also be enhanced from the presence in the mouth of dental composites (Olea et al 1996 ;Doerge et al 2012 ), or from using epoxy resin-based food cans, water bottles, or plastic baby bottles (Cao et al 2011 ;Kang et al 2011 ;Völkel et al 2011 ;Cho et al 2012 ).…”

“…BPA's annual production capacity now exceeds six billion pounds, and this high production level is sustained and encouraged by the widespread use of plastics to manufacture food containers, water bottles, medical devices, and other objects that must be made of materials that are both fl exible and durable. More than 100 t of the annual BPA production volume is released into the atmosphere (Vandenberg et al 2009 ;Cao et al 2011 ). This volume of release has made BPA environmentally ubiquitous; BPA residues are found in air, drinking water, lakes, the seas, sewage sludge, soil, house dust, foodstuffs, paper currency, among other objects and media (Ignatius et al 2010 ;Liao and Kannan 2011 ;Geens et al 2012 ;Hammer et al 2012 ;Liao et al 2012 ;Molina-García et al 2012 ;Rudel et al 2011 ;Wang et al 2012b ;Rocha et al 2013 ).…”

Estimating bisphenol A exposure levels using a questionnaire targeting known sources of exposure

“…While recent epidemiological data suggest that BPA may be associated with alterations in sex and thyroid hormone levels (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) , infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome (19)(20)(21) , obesity (18,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) , pre-diabetes/type 2 diabetes (23,(30)(31)(32) and CVD (23,31,(33)(34)(35) , most are crosssectional analyses with important limitations, such as lack of long-term exposure data which are more relevant for chronic disease risk (36) . Diet has been considered the primary source of BPA exposure (37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43) and previous studies support diet as the major route of human BPA exposure (44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50) . The use of polycarbonate plastics in the production of food and beverage storage containers has been largely phased out in the USA.…”

“…Diet has been considered the primary source of BPA exposure (37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43) and previous studies support diet as the major route of human BPA exposure (44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50) . The use of polycarbonate plastics in the production of food and beverage storage containers has been largely phased out in the USA.…”