“…Antibiotic compounds consistently detected in WWTP effluents include azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim (Fatta-Kassinos et al 2011b;Li and Zhang 2011;Sim et al 2011;Ghosh et al 2009;Watkinson et al 2007). Additionally, some studies have detected antibiotics, such as erythromycin and tetracycline, in wastewaterirrigated soils (Chen et al 2011;Kinney et al 2006) and sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin have even been discovered in groundwater under land irrigated with wastewater effluents (Avisar et al 2009;Siemens et al 2008).…”
Section: Persistence Of Pharmaceuticals In Effluents and Twwirrigatedmentioning
The reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation is a practical solution for overcoming water scarcity, especially in arid and semiarid regions of the world. However, there are several potential environmental and health-related risks associated with this practice. One such risk stems from the fact that TWW irrigation may increase antibiotic resistance (AR) levels in soil bacteria, potentially contributing to the global propagation of clinical AR. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents have been recognized as significant environmental AR reservoirs due to selective pressure generated by antibiotics and other compounds that are frequently detected in effluents. This review summarizes a myriad of recent studies that have assessed the impact of anthropogenic practices on AR in environmental bacterial communities, with specific emphasis on elucidating the potential effects of TWW irrigation on AR in the soil microbiome. Based on the current state of the art, we conclude that contradictory to freshwater environments where WWTP effluent influx tends to expand antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes levels, TWW irrigation does not seem to impact AR levels in the soil microbiome. Although this conclusion is a cause for cautious optimism regarding the future implementation of TWW irrigation, we conclude that further studies aimed at assessing the scope of horizontal gene transfer between effluent-associated ARB and soil bacteria need to be further conducted before ruling out the possible contribution of TWW irrigation to antibiotic-resistant reservoirs in irrigated soils.
“…Antibiotic compounds consistently detected in WWTP effluents include azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim (Fatta-Kassinos et al 2011b;Li and Zhang 2011;Sim et al 2011;Ghosh et al 2009;Watkinson et al 2007). Additionally, some studies have detected antibiotics, such as erythromycin and tetracycline, in wastewaterirrigated soils (Chen et al 2011;Kinney et al 2006) and sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin have even been discovered in groundwater under land irrigated with wastewater effluents (Avisar et al 2009;Siemens et al 2008).…”
Section: Persistence Of Pharmaceuticals In Effluents and Twwirrigatedmentioning
The reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation is a practical solution for overcoming water scarcity, especially in arid and semiarid regions of the world. However, there are several potential environmental and health-related risks associated with this practice. One such risk stems from the fact that TWW irrigation may increase antibiotic resistance (AR) levels in soil bacteria, potentially contributing to the global propagation of clinical AR. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents have been recognized as significant environmental AR reservoirs due to selective pressure generated by antibiotics and other compounds that are frequently detected in effluents. This review summarizes a myriad of recent studies that have assessed the impact of anthropogenic practices on AR in environmental bacterial communities, with specific emphasis on elucidating the potential effects of TWW irrigation on AR in the soil microbiome. Based on the current state of the art, we conclude that contradictory to freshwater environments where WWTP effluent influx tends to expand antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes levels, TWW irrigation does not seem to impact AR levels in the soil microbiome. Although this conclusion is a cause for cautious optimism regarding the future implementation of TWW irrigation, we conclude that further studies aimed at assessing the scope of horizontal gene transfer between effluent-associated ARB and soil bacteria need to be further conducted before ruling out the possible contribution of TWW irrigation to antibiotic-resistant reservoirs in irrigated soils.
“…Ibuprofen has been detected in bodies of water worldwide (Buser et al, 1999;Farré et al, 2001;Kolpin et al, 2002;Stumpf et al, 1999;Winkler et al, 2001). Ibuprofen has also been detected in water used for irrigation (Kinney et al, 2006;Pedersen et al, 2003Pedersen et al, , 2005Siemens et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2009) and municipal drinking water supplies (Jones et al, 2005). Environmental concentrations of ibuprofen have been found to range from low part-pertrillion to low part-per-billion levels (Buser et al, 1999;Farré et al, 2001;Santos et al, 2010).…”
Sphingomonas Ibu-2 has the unusual ability to cleave the acid side chain from the pharmaceutical ibuprofen and related arylacetic acid derivatives to yield corresponding catechols under aerobic conditions via a previously uncharacterized mechanism. Screening a chromosomal library of Ibu-2 DNA in Escherichia coli EPI300 allowed us to identify one fosmid clone (pFOS3G7) that conferred the ability to metabolize ibuprofen to isobutylcatechol. Characterization of pFOS3G7 loss-of-function transposon mutants permitted identification of five ORFs, ipfABDEF, whose predicted amino acid sequences bore similarity to the large and small units of an aromatic dioxygenase (ipfAB), a sterol carrier protein X (SCPx) thiolase (ipfD), a domain of unknown function 35 (DUF35) protein (ipfE) and an aromatic CoA ligase (ipfF). Two additional ORFs, ipfH and ipfI, which encode putative ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin components of an aromatic dioxygenase system, respectively, were also identified on pFOS3G7. Complementation of a markerless loss-of-function ipfD deletion mutant restored catechol production as did complementation of the ipfF Tn mutant. Expression of subcloned ipfABDEF alone in E. coli did not impart full metabolic activity unless coexpressed with ipfHI. CoA ligation followed by ring oxidation is common to phenylacetic acid pathways. However, the need for a putative SCPx thiolase (IpfD) and DUF35 protein (IpfE) in aerobic arylacetic acid degradation is unprecedented. This work provides preliminary insights into the mechanism behind this novel arylacetic acid-deacylating, catechol-generating activity.
“…Wastewater has increasingly been reclaimed and reused for agricultural irrigation due to scarce water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions (Klay et al, 2010;Palese et al, 2009;Rattan et al, 2005;Siemens et al, 2008). China is one of the countries with a severe water shortage problem and uneven water resource distribution.…”
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