Concentrations and mass loadings of hormones, alkylphenols, and alkylphenol ethoxylates in healthcare facility wastewaters

Alkylphenol ethoxylates and alkylphenols – update information on occurrence, fate and toxicity in aquatic environment

“…The hepatic induction of vitellogenin production in male and juvenile oviparous fish, which occurs normally only in maturing females under stimulation of 17β-estradiol, has been proposed as a sensitive biomarker of the exposure to estrogenic chemicals of endogenous and exogenous origin (Sumpter andJobling 1995, Randak et al 2009). Interestingly, the calculated contribution of the anticipated NP and OP to the potential estrogenicity of discharge from healthcare facilities was found greater than 65% of the total potential estrogenicity (Nagarnaik et al 2010). Healthcare facilities like hospitals, nursing facilities, assisted living facilities, and independent living facilities, were suspected of releasing immense amount of natural or synthetic hormone metabolites and of responsibility for endocrine disruption.…”

“…Healthcare facilities like hospitals, nursing facilities, assisted living facilities, and independent living facilities, were suspected of releasing immense amount of natural or synthetic hormone metabolites and of responsibility for endocrine disruption. According to the study of Nagarnaik et al (2010) their share of endocrine disruption is based more on releasing of APs that have weaker estrogenic effectsthan hormones but the APs are released in higher amounts. APs were present in part per billion concentrations in water samples taken near healthcare facilities compared to the part-per-trillion concentrations of hormones.…”

Research Advancements in Ozone Treatment for Estrogenic Activities in Hospital Wastewater

“…DES is a synthetic estrogen that is routinely used to prevent spontaneous abortion [15]. Nonylphenol (NP) is widely used as a surfactant in laundry and cleaning practices and is a steady metabolite of nonylphenol ethoxylates in a natural environment [7].…”

“…Because many drugs contain estrogen substances, such as Nilestriol Tablets, estradiol, estradiol valerate, estradiol benzoate and so on. Potential chemicals can be released into wastewater through human excretion, consumed pharmaceuticals, abstergents used, and medical devices utilized [6][7][8]. Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) are excreted in urine and feces as conjugated estrogens, which could be restored into parent chemicals via microbial actions [9,10].…”

Degradation pathways of low-ethoxylated nonylphenols by isolated bacteria using an improved method

“…NPEOs are incompletely degraded to low-ethoxylated NPEOs (containing one to three ethoxy units), nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs), nonylphenol (NP), and carboxyalkylphenol polyethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and water environments (Ahel et al 1994;Bergé et al 2012a,b;Di Corcia et al 2000;Gonzalez et al 2007;He et al 2013;Koh et al 2008;Maguire 1999;Nagarnaik et al 2010;Xu et al 2011). Bergé et al (2012a) found that total concentrations of NPEO and their metabolites (mainly low-ethoxylated NPEOs and low-ethoxylated NPECs) were 0.10-1,179 μg L −1 (mean, 4.54 μg L ) in surface water.…”