Concentrations and dry deposition velocities of nitric acid

Dollard, G. J.; Atkins, D.H.F.; Davies, Trevor J.; Healy, C. E.

doi:10.1038/326481a0

Cited by 64 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This hypothesis has been supported by a number of measurements (Huebert and Robert, 1985;Dollard et al, 1987;Meyers et al, 1989;Muller et al, 1993), during which no significant deviation of V d from V max was observed. A re-evaluation of the HNO 3 V d measured by Dollard et al (1987) and Harrison et al (1989), however, revealed a correlation with the R c of NH 3 , which may reflect effects of gas-to-particle conversion .…”

Section: Quantification and Modelling Of The Nh 3 Net Exchangesupporting

confidence: 57%

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH3, SO2, HNO3 and HCl

et al. 2004

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Abstract. A field measurement campaign was carried out over a Dutch heathland to investigate the effect of gas-toparticle conversion and ammonium aerosol evaporation on surface/atmosphere fluxes of ammonia and related species. Continuous micrometeorological measurements of the surface exchange of NH 3 , SO 2 , HNO 3 and HCl were made and are analyzed here with regard to average fluxes, deposition velocities (V d ), canopy resistances (R c ) and canopy compensation point for NH 3 . Gradients of SO 2 , HNO 3 and HCl were measured with a novel wet-denuder system with online anion chromatography. Measurements of HNO 3 and HCl indicate an R c of 100 to 200 s m −1 during warm daytime periods, probably at least partly due to non-zero acid partial pressures above NH 4 NO 3 and NH 4 Cl on the leaf surfaces. Although it is likely that this observation is exacerbated by the effect of the evaporation of airborne NH + 4 on the gradient measurements, the findings nevertheless add to the growing evidence that HNO 3 and HCl are not always deposited at the maximum rate. Ammonia (NH 3 ) fluxes show mainly deposition, with some periods of significant daytime emission. The net exchange could be reproduced both with an R c model (deposition fluxes only) using resistance parameterizations from former measurements, as well as with the canopy compensation point model, using parameterizations derived from the measurements. The apoplastic ratio of ammonium and hydrogen concentration ( s =[NH + 4 ]/[H + ]) of 1200 estimated from the measurements is large for semi-natural vegetation, but smaller than indicated by previous measurements at this site.

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Section: Quantification and Modelling Of The Nh 3 Net Exchangesupporting

confidence: 57%

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH3, SO2, HNO3 and HCl

et al. 2004

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“…Those used in this paper are in Table 1 and are the same as those used by Goulding (1990). They were obtained from Voldner, Barrie & Sirois (1986), , Dollard et al (1987) and Derwent, Dollard & Metcalf (1988). However, for this paper the growth of the cereal has been taken into account.…”

Section: Total Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

et al. 1998

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Human activity has greatly perturbed the nitrogen cycle through increased fixation by legumes, by energy and fertilizer production, and by the mobilization of N from long-term storage pools. This extra reactive N is readily transported through the environment, and there is increasing evidence that it is changing ecosystems through eutrophication and acidification. Rothamsted Experimental Station, UK has been involved in research on N cycling in ecosystems since its inception in 1843. Measurements of precipitation composition at Rothamsted, made since 1853, show an increase of nitrate and ammonium N in precipitation from 1 and 3 kg N ha −" yr −" , respectively, in 1855 to a maximum of 8 and 10 kg N ha −" yr −" in 1980, decreasing to 4 and 5 kg N ha −" yr −" today. Nitrogen inputs via dry deposition do, however, remain high. Recent measurements with diffusion tubes and filter packs show large concentrations of nitrogen dioxide of c. 20 µg m −$ in winter and c. 10 µg m −$ in summer ; the difference is linked to the use of central heating, and with variations in wind direction and pollutant source. Concentrations of nitric acid and particulate N exhibit maxima of 1n5 and 2 µg m −$ in summer and winter, respectively. Concentrations of ammonia are small, barely rising above 1 µg m −$ .Taking deposition velocities from the literature gives a total deposition of all measured N species to winter cereals of 43n3 kg N ha −" yr −" , 84 % as oxidized species, 79 % dry deposited. The fate of this N deposited to the very long-term Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted has been simulated using the SUNDIAL N-cycling model : at equilibrium, after 154 yr of the experiment and with N deposition increasing from c. 10 kg ha −" yr −" in 1843 to 45 kg ha −" yr −" today, c. 5 % is leached, 12 % is denitrified, 30 % immobilized in the soil organic matter and 53 % taken off in the crop. The ' efficiency of use ' of the deposited N decreases, and losses and immobilization increase as the amount of fertilizer N increases. The deposited N itself, and the acidification that is associated with it (from the nitric acid, ammonia and ammonium), has reduced the number of plant species on the 140-yr-old Park Grass hay meadow. It has also reduced methane oxidation rates in soil by c. 15 % under arable land and 30 % under woodland, and has caused N saturation of local woodland ecosystems : nitrous oxide emission rates of up to 1n4 kg ha −" yr −" are equivalent to those from arable land receiving 200 kg N ha −" yr −" , and in proportion to the excess N deposited ; measurements of N cycling processes and pools using "&N pool dilution techniques show a large nitrate pool and enhanced rates of nitrification relative to immobilization. Ratios of gross nitrification : gross immobilization might prove to be good indices of N saturation.

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“…Surface resistances R c (HNO 3 ) and R c (NO 2 ): R c (HNO 3 ) was found to be zero in many studies (e.g., Dollard et al, 1987;Huebert and Robert, 1985). Very recently, Nemitz et al (2004a) showed that non-zero, however, relatively small R c (HNO 3 ) may exist (R c =15-95 s m −1 ).…”

Section: The Inferential Approach: Selection Of Input Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dry and wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen compounds to a tropical pasture site (Rondônia, Brazil)

Lara²,

et al. 2006

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Abstract. The input of nitrogen (N) to ecosystems has increased dramatically over the past decades. While total (wet + dry) N deposition has been extensively determined in temperate regions, only very few data sets of N wet deposition exist for tropical ecosystems, and moreover, reliable experimental information about N dry deposition in tropical environments is lacking. In this study we estimate dry and wet deposition of inorganic N for a remote pasture site in the Amazon Basin based on in-situ measurements. The measurements covered the late dry (biomass burning) season, a transition period and the onset of the wet season (clean conditions) (12 September to 14 November 2002) and were a part of the LBA-SMOCC (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia -Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate) 2002 campaign. Ammonia (NH 3 ), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O 3 ), aerosol ammonium (NH + 4 ) and aerosol nitrate (NO − 3 ) were measured in real-time, accompanied by simultaneous meteorological measurements. Dry deposition fluxes of NO 2 and HNO 3 are inferred using the "big leaf multiple resistance approach" and particle deposition fluxes are derived using an established empirical parameterization. Bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes of NH 3 and HONO are estimated by applying a "canopy compensation point model". N dry and wet deposition is dominated by NH 3 and NH + 4 , which is largely the consequence of biomass burning during the dry season. TheCorrespondence to: I. Trebs (ivonne@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) grass surface appeared to have a strong potential for daytime NH 3 emission, owing to high canopy compensation points, which are related to high surface temperatures and to direct NH 3 emissions from cattle excreta. NO 2 also significantly accounted for N dry deposition, whereas HNO 3 , HONO and N-containing aerosol species were only minor contributors. Ignoring NH 3 emission from the vegetation surface, the annual net N deposition rate is estimated to be about −11 kgN ha −1 yr −1 . If on the other hand, surface-atmosphere exchange of NH 3 is considered to be bi-directional, the annual net N budget at the pasture site is estimated to range from −2.15 to −4.25 kgN ha −1 yr −1 .

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Concentrations and dry deposition velocities of nitric acid

Cited by 64 publications

References 10 publications

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub> and HCl

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub> and HCl

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

Dry and wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen compounds to a tropical pasture site (Rondônia, Brazil)

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Concentrations and dry deposition velocities of nitric acid

Cited by 64 publications

References 10 publications

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and HCl

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and HCl

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

Dry and wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen compounds to a tropical pasture site (Rondônia, Brazil)

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Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub> and HCl

Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub> and HCl