Concentration‐, Temperature‐ and Solvent‐Dependent Self‐Assembly: Merocyanine Dimerization as a Showcase Example for Obtaining Reliable Thermodynamic Data

Abstract

Mathematical models for the concentration-, temperature-and solvent-dependent analysis of self-assembly equilibria are derived for the most simple case of dimer formation, to highlight the assumptions these models and the thus determined thermodynamic parameters are based on. The three models were applied to UV/Vis absorption data for the dimerization of a highly dipolar merocyanine dye in 1,4-dioxane. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) dilution experiments were performed as an independent reference technique. While the concentration-dependent analysis is according to our studies the most reliable method, also the less time-consuming temperature-dependent evaluation can give accurate results in the present example, despite small thermochromic effects. In contrast, the strong negative solvatochromism of the merocyanine tampers with the results from the solvent-dependent evaluation. Even though the studies presented in this work are limited to the monomerdimer equilibrium of a dipolar dye, the basic principles can be transferred to other chromophores and different self-assembly models, including those for supramolecular polymerization.

Frustrated π-stacking

“…As a result, the formation of larger stacks is impeded. 37–41 These works based on specialized molecular design for incorporation of hydrogen bonding synthons and dipole moments are out of the scope of this article. This article puts emphasis on the importance of achieving a balance between attractive (π–π stacking) and repulsive (steric hindrance) interactions in self-assembly.…”