Concentration Endurance Test (d2): Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

Abstract

Abstract. OBJECTIVE:To generate normative data for the Concentration Endurance Test (d2) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD:The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the d2 test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The Total number of items processed (TN), Total number of correct responses (CR), Total performance (TP), and Concentration performance (CP) scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. D. Rivera et al. / Concentration Endurance Test (d2) RESULTS:The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on all scores, such that scores increased linearly as a function of age. TN scores were affected by age 2 for Guatemala and Puerto Rico; CR scores were affected by age 2 for Mexico; TP scores were affected by age 2 for Chile, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Spain; and CP scores for Mexico and Spain. Models indicated that children whose parents had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher scores compared to children whose parents had a MLPE ≤12 years for Mexico and Spain in all scores, and Puerto Rico for TN, CR, and TP, and Guatemala and Paraguay for CP scores. Sex affect the scores for Ecuador and Honduras (CP scores). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the d2 test in pediatric populations.

Selective Attention and Inhibitory Control of Attention Are Correlated With Music Audiation

“…In a multicentric study children from Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Spain where the parents had a mean level of parental education (MLPE) >12 years obtained higher d2 TOT scores than children whose parents had a MLPE ≤12 years. They found that a child's gender did not affect the d2 TOT scores for any country (Rivera et al, 2017). In line with this, we found lower scores in both CP in the d2 test and PMMA in Chilean children.…”

Brain Circuit Alterations and Cognitive Disability in Late-Onset Cobalamin D Disorder

“…For psychosocial assessment the following tests were used: Children Depression Inventory [35] (CDI), Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale [36] (CMAS-R), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory [37] (PedsQL) Parent-Report, and Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition [38] (ABAS-II). All of these tests had normative data available for Spanish-speaking children and adolescents [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

UCancellation: A New Mobile Measure of Selective Attention and Concentration

“…The participant is asked to scan the lines from left to right and cross out all "d"s with two dashes within a time limit of 20 seconds per line. There are extensive norms based on clinical and nonclinical populations from Europe (Brickenkamp and Zillmer 1998;Rivera et al 2017) that have been extended to populations in other regions. Several studies have demonstrated that the D2 is highly reliable (Brickenkamp and Zillmer 1998;Lee et al 2018;Steinborn et al 2018) and that it shows good construct validity (Bates and Lemay 2004;Wassenberg et al 2008).…”