Concentration-Effect, Incidence and Mechanism of Nevirapine Hepatotoxicity

Abstract

Nevirapine is a dipyridozepinone non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved for use in HIV-infected patients. Its efficacy has been well demonstrated in numerous clinical trials. It has activity against HIV-1 but does not have significant activity against HIV-2 or other retroviruses. Nevirapine is used as one of the components of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients and in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. Reports have linked nevirapine containing highly active antiretroviral therapy with hepatotoxicity which is of great clinical concern. In this study, a comprehensive literature review on reports (previous and present) of nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity in experimental animal studies and humans (case reports, clinical trials and cohorts' studies) was performed. The relationships between length of nevirapine therapy, plasma concentration and nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity were evaluated. The possible mechanisms of nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity were also reviewed. Analysis of data from various clinical trials, cohort and other studies involving patients taking nevirapine containing antiretroviral therapy showed that nevirapine could be hepatotoxic. Nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity is of two distinguished types the early immune mediated hypersensitivity reaction which develops within 18 weeks and the late onset hepatotoxicity which occurs after18 weeks of nevirapine therapy. Most nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity manifested as hepatitis, jaundice, cholestatic hepatitis, hepatic necrosis and fulminant hepatic failure with rare deaths. This hepatotoxicity is associated with elevation in levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and other biomarkers of liver function. Liver enlargement and necrosis which occurred in centrilobular and mediolobular region marked with inflammations are features of nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity. Nevirapine hepatotoxicity might have correlation with length of therapy but with discrepancy in reports on the relationship between nevirapine hepatotoxicity and nevirapine plasma concentration. The mechanism of nevirapine associated hepatotoxicity is not well understood but could be attributed to direct toxic effect on the liver, mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes, hypersensitivity reaction and stress induced by nevirapine. It is recommended that liver function should be evaluation for HIV patients eligible for nevirapine containing highly active antiretroviral therapy.

NNRTI and Liver Damage: Evidence of Their Association and the Mechanisms Involved

“…Thus, reported NVP-induced hepatotoxicity comprises several clinical manifestations with varying degrees of severity including elevation of serum enzyme levels, bile duct obstruction and jaundice, hepatic necrosis, hepatitis and hepatic failure [49,51,[58][59][60][61][62]. NVP's associated hepatotoxicity in the clinics (case reports, clinical trials and cohorts' studies) has been reviewed in detail elsewhere [63]. A structured review of the literature (2005-2015) also revealed that NVP causes hepatotoxicity in pregnant patients, manifested as elevation of transaminases, rash, hepatitis, pruritus, abdominal pain, eosinophilia, encephalopathy, and jaundice [64].…”

Antiretroviral Toxicity and Oxidative Stress

“…Hepatotoxicity is one of the toxicological crimes associated with nevirapine (Rivero et al, 2007). Nevirapine hepatotoxicity is characterised by elevation of transaminases (AST and ALT) levels and hepatocytes necrosis (Elias and Brambaifa, 2013;. Efavirenz is associated with neuropsychiatric effects i.e central nervous system disturbances such as emotional instability, insomnia, hallucinations, impaired concentration and abnormal dreams (Jena et al, 2009).…”

Tenofovir Renal Toxicity: Evaluation of Cohorts and Clinical Studies—Part One

“…Different types of antiretroviral combination therapies are available and use of a particular therapy depends on the tolerability, the cost, and the therapeutic objectives [3]. However, despite remarkable viral replication suppression, immune response restoration and decreased mortality, long-term HAART appears to be associated with the development of some toxicological effects like cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity [4,5]. These have impaired therapeutic success via poor adherence, loss of serum HIV suppression, development of drugresistant HIV strains, and increased probability of illness progression [6].…”