“…The DSPC IR spectra revealed intensity bands at 2848 cm −1 and 2908 cm −1 (CH 2 stretching) as well as at 1734 cm −1 and 1240 cm −1 for C O and PO 2 groups, respectively (Sahin, Bilge, Kazanci, & Severcan, 2013). The phospholipid polar group orientation was verified by the increase at SFE values and the polar component of the surface.…”
“…3) (Sahin et al, 2013). However, the transition enthalpy decreases substantially with the presence of chitosan: from 383.9 ± 5.5 kJ mol −1 for Mv to 150 ± 9.7 kJ mol −1 for MvC due to reduction of the number of DSPC molecules undergoing phase transition.…”
Section: In Vitro Stability Of Microvesiclesmentioning
“…The DSPC IR spectra revealed intensity bands at 2848 cm −1 and 2908 cm −1 (CH 2 stretching) as well as at 1734 cm −1 and 1240 cm −1 for C O and PO 2 groups, respectively (Sahin, Bilge, Kazanci, & Severcan, 2013). The phospholipid polar group orientation was verified by the increase at SFE values and the polar component of the surface.…”
“…3) (Sahin et al, 2013). However, the transition enthalpy decreases substantially with the presence of chitosan: from 383.9 ± 5.5 kJ mol −1 for Mv to 150 ± 9.7 kJ mol −1 for MvC due to reduction of the number of DSPC molecules undergoing phase transition.…”
Section: In Vitro Stability Of Microvesiclesmentioning
“…Endocannabinoids such as anandamide, which are derived directly from fatty acids and act as retrograde transmitters [50], deep membrane penetration, and lipid-like dynamics, are to be expected, but the level of membrane permeation or adherence is less evident for the conventional NTs. In fact, several computational and experimental studies have provided solid evidence on the effects of specific NT-lipid interactions and, moreover, highlighted the potential importance of membrane lipid composition (MLC) imbalances for neurological diseases [42,48,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67].…”
Section: Evidence Of Direct Neurotransmitter-lipid Interactionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similarly, melatonin has been shown to partition onto lipid bilayers via MD simulations, neutron scattering and diffraction, infra-red spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, calorimetry, and Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer study [51][52][53][65][66][67]. Serotonin was shown to interact with lipids in both theoretical and experimental studies [54,68].…”
Section: Evidence Of Direct Neurotransmitter-lipid Interactionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Various simulation studies [42,54,60,61] and biophysical experiments [51][52][53][54][62][63][64][65][66][67] corroborate this mechanistic division; however, there are notable exceptions to the rule when focusing on the available receptor protein structures and possible MLCs.…”
Section: Synaptic Receptor Types Vs Lipid-neurotransmitter Associationmentioning
Synaptic neurotransmission is generally considered as a function of membrane-embedded receptors and ion channels in response to the neurotransmitter (NT) release and binding. This perspective aims to widen the protein-centric view by including another vital component-the synaptic membrane-in the discussion. A vast set of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and biophysical experiments indicate that NTs are divided into membrane-binding and membrane-nonbinding categories. The binary choice takes place at the water-membrane interface and follows closely the positioning of the receptors' binding sites in relation to the membrane. Accordingly, when a lipophilic NT is on route to a membrane-buried binding site, it adheres on the membrane and, then, travels along its plane towards the receptor. In contrast, lipophobic NTs, which are destined to bind into receptors with extracellular binding sites, prefer the water phase. This membrane-based sorting splits the neurotransmission into membraneindependent and membrane-dependent mechanisms and should make the NT binding into the receptors more efficient than random diffusion would allow. The potential implications and notable exceptions to the mechanisms are discussed here. Importantly, maintaining specific membrane lipid compositions (MLCs) at the synapses, especially regarding anionic lipids, affect the level of NT-membrane association. These effects provide a plausible link between the MLC imbalances and neurological diseases such as depression or Parkinson's disease. Moreover, the membrane plays a vital role in other phases of the NT life cycle, including storage and release from the synaptic vesicles, transport from the synaptic cleft, as well as their synthesis and degradation.
Miltefosine (MLT) is a broad-spectrum drug included in the alkylphospholipids (APL) used against leishmania and various types of cancer. The most crucial feature of APLs is that they are thought to only kill cancerous cells without harming normal cells. However, the molecular mechanism of action of APLs is not completely understood. The increase in the phosphatidylserine (PS) ratio is a marker showing the stage of cancer and even metastasis. The goal of this research was to investigate the molecular effects of miltefosine at the molecular level in different PS ratios. The effects of MLT on membrane phase transition, membrane orders, and dynamics were studied using DPPC/DPPS (3:1) and DPPC/DPPS (1:1) multilayer (MLV) vesicles mimicking DPPS ratio variation, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Our findings indicate that miltefosine is evidence at the molecular level that it is directed towards the tumor cell and that the drug’s effect increases with the increase of anionic lipids in the membrane depending on the stage of cancer.
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