“…On the other hand, the periodicity of LIPSSs on the 304 stainless steel surfaces in water, 5 and 10 wt% NaCl solutions, 5 and 10 wt% NaNO 3 solutions, 5 and 10 wt% Cu(NO 3 ) 2 solutions and 5 and 10 wt% CuSO 4 solutions was about 600 nm, which was about 0.56 times the laser wavelength since the refractive index of water is 1.33 [ 45 ], shortening the laser wavelength and the wavelength of the surface plasma waves. In the solutions, the periodicity is approximately the same since the refractive index of 5 and 10 wt% NaCl solutions, 5 and 10 wt% NaNO 3 solutions, 5 and 10 wt% Cu(NO 3 ) 2 solutions and 5 and 10 wt% CuSO 4 solutions is close to the refractive index of water [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].…”