Concentration and Sources of PM10 and its Constituents in Alsasua, Spain

Zabalza, J.; Ogulei, David; Hopke, Philip K.; Lee, Jong Hoon; Hwang, In-Jo; Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andrés; Santamaría, Jesús Miguel

doi:10.1007/s11270-006-9136-8

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Factor 1 had high loadings for Zn, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr which explained 73.5% of the total variance. This factor indicated a mixture of industrial emissions (Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd) (Yaroshevsky, 2006;Zabalza et al, 2006;Querol et al, 2007;Krzyzanowski and Cohen, 2008) and soil origins (Mn and Cr) (based on EF values shown in Table 3). Factor 2 (14.6%) was identified as a road dust source (Fe and Cu).…”

Section: Enrichment Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation and Sources of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Aerosols in a Residential Area of Ulsan, Korea

Lee

Hieu²

2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

111

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This study investigated seasonal variations in mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and compositions of heavy metals in PM 2.5 and PM 10 collected from a typical urban residential area in Ulsan, Korea. PM measurements were conducted during spring and summer of 2009. Mean concentrations of PM 2.5 in spring and summer were 23.2 and 18.1 µg/m 3 , respectively. Mean concentrations of PM 10 in spring and summer were 45.9 and 33.2 µg/m 3 , respectively. The lower summer PM concentrations as compared to the spring ones are due to the increased rainfall precipitation. Airborne PM was analyzed for these heavy metals: Fe, Zn, Cd, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni. All of the metals in PM 2.5 and PM 10 had higher concentrations in spring than in summer, except Cr in PM 10 which shows similar concentrations between spring and summer. Seasonal differences in the metal concentrations may be due to differences in wind directions with some winds passing through industry or traffic areas. Analysis of enrichment factors of heavy metals showed highly enriched Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu. Principal component analysis for the heavy metals in PM 2.5 and PM 10 identified industrial emissions and road dust (soil and traffic) as major sources at the sampling site.

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Section: Enrichment Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation and Sources of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Aerosols in a Residential Area of Ulsan, Korea

Lee

Hieu²

2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

111

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“…By referring to our previous understanding of pollusion sources in Beijing and other findings on identificaion of PMF factors (e.g. Zabalza et al, 2006;Lee and Hopke, 2006;Lee et al, 1999), we chose a 7-factor solution as the best. The second step is to control rotation and optimize the solution, using the parameters FPEAK and FKEY (or GKEY) provided by the model (Paatero, 2004).…”

Section: Model Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the advantages over traditional factor analysis methods, during the last one or two decades, PMF was successfully used in source apportionment of airborne particulate matter in the United States (Kim and Hopke, 2006), Switzerland (Lanz et al, 2007), Spain (Zabalza et al, 2006), Mexico (Johnson et al, 2006), Canada (Lee et al, 2003), Korea (Han et al, 2005), as well as in China (Lee et al, 1999;Yuan et al, 2006;Song et al, 2006Song et al, , 2007. Most recently, Reff et al (2007) reviewed the methods for using PMF model, and recommended future publications to fully document procedures for data preparation, PMF application, and result interpretation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient PM<sub>10</sub> source contributions in Beijing in 2004 using positive matrix factorization

et al. 2008

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Abstract. Source contributions to ambient PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less) in Beijing, China were determined with positive matrix factorization (PMF) based on ambient PM10 composition data including concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), ions and metal elements, which were simultaneously obtained at six sites through January, April, July and October in 2004. Results from PMF indicated that seven major sources of ambient PM10 were urban fugitive dust, crustal soil, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, biomass burning with municipal incineration, and vehicle emission, respectively. In paticular, urban fugitive dust and crustal soil as two types of dust sources with similar chemical characteristics were differentiated by PMF. Urban fugitive dust contributed the most, accounting for 34.4% of total PM10 mass on an annual basis, with relatively high contributions in all four months, and even covered 50% in April. It also showed higher contributions in southwestern and southeastern areas than in central urban areas. Coal combustion was found to be the primary contributor in January, showing higher contributions in urban areas than in suburban areas with seasonal variation peaking in winter, which accounted for 15.5% of the annual average PM10 concentration. Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate combined as the largest contributor to PM10 in July and October, with strong seasonal variation peaking in summer, accounting for 38.8% and 31.5% of the total PM10 mass in July and October, respectively. Biomass burning with municipal incineration contributions were found in all four months and accounted for 9.8% of the annual average PM10 mass concentration, with obviously higher contribution in October than in other months. Incineration sources were probably located in southwestern Beijing. Contribution from vehicle emission accounted for 5.0% and exhibited no significant seasonal variation. In sum, PM10 source contributions in Beijing showed not only significant seasonal variations but also spatial differences.

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“…For the TSP, the PCA results demonstrated three components accounting for 83.4% of the variance. The first component (PC1) explained approximately 58% of the total variance and was loaded with Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Se, which indicated the likely sources of metals in the TSP were waste incinerators (Cd, Co, Hg, Mo, and Se), oil combustion (Cr and Ni) and crustal origin (Al and Mn) [9,35,43,44]. Thus, this factor could be associated with a mixed contribution from industry and soil dust origin.…”

Section: Sources Identification Using Pcamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metals in particulate matter (PM) usually have both anthropogenic and natural origins. Anthropogenic sources (e.g., industrial activities, waste incineration, fossil fuel burning [4,[9][10][11], traffic emissions [12,13]), and natural sources (e.g., crustal minerals, forest fires and oceans) were the principal contributors to metals in the ambient air [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Sources of Metals in TSP and PM2.5 in an Urban Forest Park at Guangzhou

et al. 2014

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Urban forest parks play important roles in improving environments, protecting biodiversity and even public welfare. Aerosols, including total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ), were simultaneously collected in an urban forest park (Dafushan) at Guangzhou, southern China, from January 2012 to December 2013. The concentrations of 12 metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in both TSP and PM 2.5 were quantified using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. The origins and possible sources of the studied metals in the PM 2.5 and TSP were evaluated using the crustal enrichment factors and the principal component analysis, respectively. The results showed that Dafushan urban forest park was polluted by PM 2.5 rather than by TSP. The PM 2.5 and TSP in the forest park exhibited seasonal patterns with significantly higher contents in the dry season compared with the OPEN ACCESSAtmosphere 2014, 5 776 rainy season. The metals Al, Zn, Pb were the most abundant, while Hg was the lowest metals in the aerosols. The ratios of PM 2.5 /TSP ratio indicated that the metals were predominant in the finer particles (PM 2.5 ). The crustal enrichment factors indicated that Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb, Se and Zn in the aerosols originated from anthropogenic sources, while Al and Mn were mainly of crustal origin. The principal component analysis implied that industrial activities, traffic-related emissions, and soil dust were the main possible sources of the metals in both PM 2.5 and TSP in Dafushan forest park.

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Concentration and Sources of PM10 and its Constituents in Alsasua, Spain

Cited by 34 publications

References 22 publications

Seasonal Variation and Sources of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Aerosols in a Residential Area of Ulsan, Korea

Seasonal Variation and Sources of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Aerosols in a Residential Area of Ulsan, Korea

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient PM<sub>10</sub> source contributions in Beijing in 2004 using positive matrix factorization

Characteristics and Sources of Metals in TSP and PM2.5 in an Urban Forest Park at Guangzhou

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Concentration and Sources of PM10 and its Constituents in Alsasua, Spain

Cited by 34 publications

References 22 publications

Seasonal Variation and Sources of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Aerosols in a Residential Area of Ulsan, Korea

Seasonal Variation and Sources of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Aerosols in a Residential Area of Ulsan, Korea

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; source contributions in Beijing in 2004 using positive matrix factorization

Characteristics and Sources of Metals in TSP and PM2.5 in an Urban Forest Park at Guangzhou

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Spatiotemporal variations of ambient PM<sub>10</sub> source contributions in Beijing in 2004 using positive matrix factorization