“…Climate change affects ecosystems both directly and indirectly in a number of nonuniform ways (Milad et al., 2011). Since most organisms, at both fine and coarse spatial scales, differ significantly in their response to climate change, large spatial scale models cannot reliably determine the impact of altered climates on vegetation (Milad et al., 2011; Xiong, Halmy, et al., 2019; Xiong, Xiao, et al., 2019). This is particularly true since species also differ in their abundances, functional traits, distributions, and habitat associations at various scales (Baltzinger et al., 2011; Li, Xiong, Luo, Zhang, et al., 2020).…”