Computerised design of stadiums

Simpson, Martin

doi:10.1680/saad.57906.119

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The wind velocity c (Figure 10e-h) showed that the air movement for each scenario is more active be end of the roof than another end. This could be explained by the scouring effect o air entering the stadium from one end of the roof [60]. The most active air mo below one end of the roof (Figure 10g) was observed in scenario three due to it ha highest roof cooling supply velocity magnitude.…”

Section: Sensitivity Study Of Supply Speedmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This can also explain the temperature pattern for scenario three presented in Figure 10c, where the central region near the supply slot was cooled within 25-27.5 • C, but the remaining stadium bowl, including the majority of the spectator zone, had a higher temperature, up to 27.5-30.0 • C. The wind velocity contours (Figure 10e-h) showed that the air movement for each scenario is more active below one end of the roof than another end. This could be explained by the scouring effect of outside air entering the stadium from one end of the roof [60]. The most active air movement below one end of the roof (Figure 10g) was observed in scenario three due to it having the highest roof cooling supply velocity magnitude.…”

Section: Sensitivity Study Of Supply Speedmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Effect of Roof Cooling and Air Curtain Gates on Thermal and Wind Conditions in Stadiums for Hot Climates

2021

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To host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Qatar is facing the greatest challenge in balancing the energy consumptions for cooling the stadiums and the thermal comfort for both players and spectators. Previous studies have not considered using a combined configuration of air curtain and roof cooling supply slot in stadiums to prevent the infiltration of outside hot air and reduce the cooling system’s energy consumption. This paper presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study of thermal and wind modeling around a baseline stadium and simulates the cooling scenarios of air curtains and roof cooling along with the energy consumption estimations for the World Cup matches using Building Energy Simulation (BES). Sensitivity analysis of different supply speeds and supply temperatures of air curtain gates and roof cooling was carried out, and the results showed that scenario six, which provides supply air of 25 m/s and 20 m/s at the roof and air curtain gates with a supply temperature of 10 °C, demonstrates optimal thermal performances on both the spectator tiers and the pitch. Compared with the baseline stadium performance, the average reductions in temperature on the pitch and spectator tiers under scenario six could reach 15 °C and 14.6 °C. The reductions in the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied values for the upper and lower tiers as well as the pitch were 63%, 74%, and 78%. In terms of the estimated energy consumptions, scenario six would consume electric energy per match at a rate of 25.5 MWh compared with 22.8 MWh for one of the stadiums in the 2010 South Africa World Cup and 42.0 MWh for the 2006 Germany World Cup. Future research is recommended to explore the influence of supply angle on air curtain gates and roof cooling supply slots’ performances.

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Section: Sensitivity Study Of Supply Speedmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Sensitivity Study Of Supply Speedmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Roof Cooling and Air Curtain Gates on Thermal and Wind Conditions in Stadiums for Hot Climates

2021

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“…In addition to this configuration, the lower tiers have a higher air velocity of 1-2 m/s than that of 0-1 m/s at the upper tiers for configuration 2 and 3 (Figure 12f-g), which both have lower supply air velocities of vertical jets but use horizontal jets at the back of lower tiers. Compared with the baseline configuration, the thermal environment at spectator tiers is all significantly enhanced by these cooing configurations, since the temperature at tiers is reduced by at least 15.0 • C. The wind environment of the baseline configuration is influenced by the scouring effect of the wind flow which enters into the stadium through one edge of the roof opening [50] and has poor air circulations inside the stadium. The cooling configurations, especially configuration 2, provide more active air movements inside the stadium.…”

Section: Comparison Between Cooling Configurations and Baseline Confi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrated Cooling Jet and Air Curtain System for Stadiums in Hot Climates

Zhong

Calautit

2020

Atmosphere

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The 2022 FIFA World Cup brings Qatar great challenges in terms of minimizing the cooling energy consumption and providing thermal comfort for both spectators and players. This paper presents comparisons among the results of thermal and wind environment modelling of a semi-outdoor stadium under three different cooling configurations and a baseline configuration without cooling using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool ANSYS Fluent 18.2. The three cooling configurations are: (1) vertical jets only above upper tiers, (2) vertical jets above upper tiers and horizontal jets at the back of lower tiers and around the pitch, (3) integrated vertical jets above upper tiers, horizontal jets at the back of lower tiers and air curtains at gates. De-coupled solar radiation simulations are implemented using the solar irradiance data in Doha under fair weather conditions method in Fluent in order to capture realistic thermal boundary conditions for the ground, stadium and surrounding buildings. On the basis of the set conditions, the results show that air curtains, employed in configuration 3 are effective in preventing the penetration of hot outside air through the gates of the stadium, which is an existing issue for stadiums in hot climates, and also contribute to lower energy consumption per match than the other configurations of cooling jets. The results presented in this study are useful not only for future design and retrofits of stadiums in hot climates but also for stadiums that incorporate mechanical cooling.

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“…The temperature distribution of the original stadium is asymmetric due to the scouring effect of slightly cooler air entering from one edge of the roof (Figure 10(a) and (c)). 46 With the addition of cooling jets, the temperature distribution at the spectator tiers drops from over 35.3 C (Figure 10(a)) to the range of 20.2-22.3 C (Figure 10(b)) and the air movement inside the stadium bowl is promoted (Figure 10(c) and (d)). As for the pitch, the temperature around the outer perimeter of the pitch and at the pitch centre reduces by approximately 16 and 5 C, respectively (Figure 10(e) and (f)).…”

Section: Comparison Between Original Stadium and Cooling Jet Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the influence of cooling jets on the wind and thermal environment in football stadiums in hot climates

Zhong

Calautit

Hughes

2019

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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After winning the bid of the FIFA’s World Cup 2022, Qatar is facing the greatest challenges in terms of minimizing substantial energy consumptions for air-conditioning of stadiums and maintaining aero-thermal comfort for both players and spectators inside stadiums. This paper presents the results of temperature distributions and wind environment of the original stadium under the hot-humid climate and improvements on them for optimized scenarios of cooling jets. A combined computational fluid dynamics and building energy simulation approach was used to analyse the cooling performance and energy consumption per match of cooling air jets for 10 scenarios with different supply velocities, supply temperatures and locations of jets. The optimal scenario is to employ vertical jets above the upper tiers at supply temperature of 20°C and velocities of 2–12 m/s, integrated with horizontal jets of the same temperature at the lower tiers with 4 m/s and around the pitch with 7 m/s. This scenario can maintain the spectator tiers at an average temperature of 22°C and reduce the maximum predicted percentage of dissatisfied of thermal comfort from the original 100% to 63% for the pitch and 19% for the tiers, respectively. In terms of the energy consumption for the air-conditioning system per match, compared with one of the 2010 South Africa World Cup stadiums Royal Bafokeng stadium which consumed approximately 22.8 MWh energy for air-conditioning in winter (highest outdoor temperature 24.4°C), the maximum energy consumption of the optimal scenario in November (highest outdoor temperature 34.2°C) can reach 108 MWh. In addition, the spectator zones with scenario 8 have the potential to be resilient to the seasonal change of outdoor temperature if slight modifications of the supply velocities and precise temperature control on the spectator zones are applied. Moreover, the configurations presented in this paper can be used as a foundation of jets arrangement for future stadium retrofits in the hot climates. Practical application: This study assesses the aero-thermal conditions of a case study stadium under the hot climate of Qatar and explores the potential of applying cooling jets with different supply velocities, supply temperatures and their locations on the enhancement of both thermal and wind environment of spectator tiers and pitch. The assessment of the original stadium indicates that the ascending curved roof structure impedes the fresh air entering into the stadium and results in an asymmetric temperature distribution on the spectator tiers. The optimized design suggests a combination of vertical jets under the roof and both three arrays of horizontal jets at lower tiers and around pitch for future stadium optimizations in hot climates. It also recommends enhancing the thermal conditions on the pitch by optimizing the velocity of horizontal jets around the pitch. Moreover, the future design of the exact stadiums to be resilient to the seasonal changing outdoor temperature can be implemented based on scenario 8.

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Computerised design of stadiums

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Effect of Roof Cooling and Air Curtain Gates on Thermal and Wind Conditions in Stadiums for Hot Climates

Effect of Roof Cooling and Air Curtain Gates on Thermal and Wind Conditions in Stadiums for Hot Climates

An Integrated Cooling Jet and Air Curtain System for Stadiums in Hot Climates

Analysis of the influence of cooling jets on the wind and thermal environment in football stadiums in hot climates

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