“…The combined approaches of system analysis, control theory, and computer science can simulate the complicated mechanisms of cellular response to genome stresses [15,16]. These methods provide a good link between the diverse areas of biomedicine, mathematics, and bioinformatics [16,17]. Using differential equations and graphic approaches to study various dynamical and kinetic processes of biological systems has provided insights into a series of important biological topics such as enzyme-catalyzed reactions [18][19][20][21], diffusion-controlled reactions in enzyme systems [22,23], protein-folding kinetics [24], inhibition kinetics of processive nucleic acid polymerases and nucleases [25,26], base frequencies in the anti-sense strands [27], hepatitis B viral infections [28], HBV virus gene missense mutation [29], and visual analysis of SARS-CoV [30,31].…”