Computer Program for Three‐dimensional Reconstructions and Numerical Analyses of Plant Organs From Serial Sections

Niklas, Karl J.; Boyd, Steven P.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1987.tb12151.x

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The taper of a midrib was measured (on the abaxial surface ofeach representative leaf lamina) by means of a microcaliber; midrib taper was then compared to the taper ofthe subtending petiole. Midribs were also cut from 1eaflaminae and vibrated to determine their flexural stiffness; comparisons were then made between Niklas and Boyd, 1987). Data are presented for the absolute and relative volume fractions of thick walled, lignified tissues (referred to as "support" tissues) and thin walled, nonlignified tissues ("ground" tissues).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexural Stiffness Allometries of Angiosperm and Fern Petioles and Rachises: Evidence for Biomechanical Convergence

Niklas

1991

Evolution

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Abstract.-Evidence for convergence in biomechanical and anatomical features of leaves (elastic modulus E, second moment of area I, taper of petioles, the longitudinal distribution of petiolar and laminar weight, and volumes oftissues) is presented based on a survey of22 species (distributed among dicots, monocots, and ferns). In general, regardless of taxonomic affinity, petioles were found to be mechanically constructed in one of two ways: Type I petioles-as cantilevered, endloaded beams with relatively uniform flexural stiffness (EI) (simple and palmate leaves); and Type II petioles-as tapered cantilevered beams whose static loadings (biomass) and EI increase basipetally (pinnate leaves). In general, collenchyma and sclerenchyma were found to be peripherally located in transections through Type I and II petioles, respectively. Statistical analyses within each species and among species with either type ofpetiole indicated that EI "" k,Lp2.98 and EI "" k 2Lp2.0S for Type I and II petioles, respectively, where k, and k 2 are dimensional constants and Lp is petiolar length. The data are interpreted to indicate that Type I and II petioles mechanically operate to deal with static loadings in two distinct ways, such that Type II petioles function in an analogous manner to branches supporting separate leaves (leaflets). The convergence in mechanical "designs" among taxonomically distinct lineages (angiosperms and ferns) is interpreted as evidence for selection on mechanical attributes of load supporting structures (petioles).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexural Stiffness Allometries of Angiosperm and Fern Petioles and Rachises: Evidence for Biomechanical Convergence

Niklas

1991

Evolution

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“…Each leaf was photocopied along with a transparent ruler. The outlines of leaf laminae were digitized into the memory of an IBM PC-XT equipped with SECTION (see Niklas and Boyd 1987), and the adaxial lamina surface area (S) calculated. Laminae were then weighed and their loading (P) expressed in newtons.…”

Section: Petiolar and Leaf Morphometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Petiole mechanics, light interception by Lamina, and “Economy in Design”

Niklas

1992

Oecologia

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Computer simulations were used to assess the influence of palmate leaf morphology, decussate phyllotaxy, and the elastic moduli of petioles on the capacity of turgid and wilted twigs ofAesculus hippocastanum to intercept direct solar radiation. Leaf size, morphology, orientation, and the Young's and shear moduli (E and G) of petioles were measured and related to leaf position on 8 twigs whose cut ends were placed in water ("turgid" twigs) and 8 twigs dried for 8 h at room temperature ("wilted" twigs). Petioles mechanically behaved as elastic cantilevered beams; the loads required to shear petioles at their base from twigs were correlated with the cross-sectional areas of phyllopodia but not with petiole length or tissue volume. Empirically determined morphometric and biomechanical data were used to construct "average" turgid and wilted twigs. The diurnal capacity to intercept direct sunlight for each was simulated for vertically oriented twigs for 15 h of daylight, 40° N latitude. The daily integrated irradiance (DII) of the wilted twig was roughly 3% less than that of the otherwise comparable twig bearing turgid leaves. Simulations indicated that the orientation of turgid leaves did not maximize DII. More decumbent (wilted) petioles increased DII by as much as 4%. Reduction in the girth, E, or G of petioles, or an increase in petiole length or the surface area of laminae (with attending increase in laminae weight), increased petiolar deflections and DII. Thus, the mechanical design of petioles ofA. hippocastanum was found not to be "economical" in terms of investing biomass for maximum light interception.

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“…Two shoots of fresh material of C. alata were also sectioned using a Hooker microtome, and tracings and manual reconstructions were made as described above. In addition, a nodal region of C. alata was digitized from the tracing paper images into the computer and analyzed using Section software (Niklas and Boyd 1987). Serial sections from a portion of an internode of V. riparia were recorded on videotape using a Hitachi VK-2000 video camera and a Panasonic AG-1950 video recorder equipped with a time-lapse feature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Vascular Patterns in the Vitaceae

Gerrath¹,

Posluszny

Dengler

2001

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences.Vitaceous shoots can be classified into five distinct architectural patterns based on a three-node sequence of tendril and axillary bud presence. The relationship between two of the more commonly occurring patterns and their primary vasculature was examined. Cissus alata was chosen to represent pattern 5 (distichous phyllotaxy and continuous leaf-opposed tendril/inflorescences) and Vitis riparia to represent pattern 4 (distichous phyllotaxy and a three-node modular pattern of interrupted leaf-opposed tendril/inflorescences). Both species show architectural dorsiventrality in that the prophyll of the first-order axillary bud is ventral and vascular dorsiventrality in that all midvein leaf traces arise from ventral vascular sympodia. Both taxa have an even number of vascular sympodia, with four in C. alata and six in V. riparia. Leaf traces are multilacunar, with seven traces in C. alata and five in V. riparia. The leaf-opposed tendril/inflorescences have the same vascular architecture as the axillary buds and are derived from the same vascular sympodia, although there is no evidence from this study that the tendrils represent a vertically displaced serial axillary bud. Vascular architecture reflects the underlying three-node modularity of these shoot patterns in two ways: first, leaf traces in both species most commonly arise three nodes below their point of departure from the stem, and second, the number of internodes the axillary bud traces traverse is dependent on the position of the tendril within the shoot module in V. riparia (pattern 4). Vegetative characters such as shoot architecture and primary vascular pattern should prove useful in phylogenetic analyses of this architecturally unique family.

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Computer Program for Three‐dimensional Reconstructions and Numerical Analyses of Plant Organs From Serial Sections

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Flexural Stiffness Allometries of Angiosperm and Fern Petioles and Rachises: Evidence for Biomechanical Convergence

Flexural Stiffness Allometries of Angiosperm and Fern Petioles and Rachises: Evidence for Biomechanical Convergence

Petiole mechanics, light interception by Lamina, and “Economy in Design”

Primary Vascular Patterns in the Vitaceae

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