Computer‐enhanced stereoscopic vision in a head‐mounted display for oral implant surgery

Abstract

We developed a head-mounted display (HMD) with integrated computer-generated stereoscopic projection of target structures and integrated it into visit, a specific oral implant planning and navigation software. The HMD is equipped with two miniature computer monitors that project computer-generated graphics stereoscopically into the optical path. Its position is tracked by the navigation system's optical tracker and target structures are displayed in their true position over the operation site. In order to test this system's accuracy and spatial perception of the viewer, five interforaminal implants in three dry human mandibles were planned with visit and executed using the stereoscopic projection through the HMD. The deviation between planned and achieved position of the implants was measured on corresponding computed tomography (CT) scan images recorded post-operatively. The deviation between planned and achieved implant position at the jaw crest was 0.57 +/- 0.49 mm measured from the lingual, and 0.58 +/- 0.4 mm measured from the buccal cortex. At the tip of the implants the deviation was 0.77 +/- 0.63 mm at the lingual and 0.79 +/- 0.71 mm at the buccal cortex. The mean angular deviation between planned and executed implant position was 3.55 +/- 2.07 degrees. The present in vitro experiment indicates that the concept of preoperative planning and transfer to the operative field by an HMD allows us to achieve an average precision within 1 mm (range up to 3 mm) of the implant position and within 3 degrees deviation for the implant inclination (range up to 10 degrees ). Control during the drilling procedure is significantly improved by stereoscopic vision through the HMD resulting in a more accurate inclination of the implants.

Image guidance for robotic minimally invasive coronary artery bypass

“…Only few have therefore ever left their laboratories, and most appear in latency or stereo perception measurements, phantom, cadaver or animal studies [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Estudio y evaluación de contenidos didácticos en el desarrollo de las habilidades espaciales en el ámbito de la ingeniería

“…APÉNDICE. Los HMD, son utilizados en Realidad Virtual, y por herencia, es común su uso en aplicaciones de RA (Auer & Pinz, 1999), (Kato & Billinghurst, 1999), (Kiyokawa, Takemura, & Yokoya, 2000), (Wanschitz, y otros, 2002), (Avery, Thomas, Velikovsky, & Piekarsky, 2005), (Malkawi & Srinivasan, 2005), (Szalavári & Gervautz, 1997), (Fuhrmann, Löffelmann, Schmalstieg, & Gervautz, 1998), (Höllerer, Feiner, Terauchi, Rashid, & Hallaway, 1999), (Höllerer, y otros, 2001), (Cheok, Fong, Goh, Yang, Liu, & Farzbiz, 2003), (Cheok, y otros, 2004) (Bekel, Heidemann, & Ritter, 2005), (Teichrieb, y otros, 2007) .…”

Calibration of an optical see-through head-mounted display with variable zoom and focus for applications in computer-assisted interventions

“…The Varioscope AR has already been used for cadaver studies [19,3], but only with a fixed calibrated focus plane and fixed zoom setting. In these studies the achieved overall accuracy did not exceed the limit usual for CAS, which can be found e. g. in [5].…”