Computer-aided microspectrophotometry of biological specimens

Shapiro, Howard M.; Bryan, S.D.; Lipkin, Lewis E.; Stein, Philip G.; Lemkin, Peter F.

doi:10.1016/0014-4827(71)90623-9

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A flow cytometer can make sensitive and precise measurements of light scattered or emitted by individual cells at a dozen or more different wavelengths, even though the cell images obtained are typically not in focus. Based on prior experience with both flow and image (105, 106) cytometry, and more recent theoretical (11) and experimental (12) work, we concluded that it should be possible to build a small, robust, energy‐efficient, and extremely inexpensive fluorescence image cytometer that could perform essentially the same measurements now done for TB diagnosis by laser scanning cytometry (72) and automated microscopy (76, 77) and for rapid (24–48 h) antimicrobial susceptibility determination of MTB by flow cytometry (71, 94–104).…”

Section: A Minimalist Fluorescence Image Cytometer For Resource‐poor mentioning

confidence: 99%

Killer applications: Toward affordable rapid cell-based diagnostics for malaria and tuberculosis

Shapiro¹,

Perlmutter²

2008

Cytometry

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In many resource-poor areas, the HIV/AIDS epidemic coexists with epidemics of two much older diseases, malaria and tuberculosis, and the three diseases together kill approximately six million people per year. Although HIV/AIDS is treatable, but not curable, many if not most cases of malaria and tuberculosis (TB) can be cured if diagnosed correctly and promptly. The diagnosis of both malaria and TB is cell-based, typically made by microscopy of stained smears of blood (malaria) and sputum (TB). Cytometry has been shown to be effective for diagnosis of both conditions; however, conventional cytometers have been too complex and costly to be widely applied. It is likely that a newly developed small, simple, robust, inexpensive, energy-efficient low-resolution fluorescence image cytometer, employing a lightemitting diode for excitation and a megapixel digital camera chip for detection, could be used in resource-poor areas for malaria and TB diagnosis and for rapid (24-48 h) determination of antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. q

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Section: A Minimalist Fluorescence Image Cytometer For Resource‐poor mentioning

confidence: 99%

Killer applications: Toward affordable rapid cell-based diagnostics for malaria and tuberculosis

Shapiro¹,

Perlmutter²

2008

Cytometry

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“…The latter, being inherently heuristic, is perhaps best carried out visually by a competent microscopist, and not by automatic computer analysis. An essentially similar approach was advocated by the investigators at the National Institutes of Health in Washington (Stein et al, 1969;Shapiro et al, 1971); however, these same investigators have recently developed complex methods of automatic pattern analysis Carman et al, 1974;Schultz et al, 1974;Shapiro et al, 1974). In our opinion, there are grave difficulties inherent in the use of general-purpose digital computers for image analysis.…”

Section: Denver Universal Microspectroradiometer ( D U M ) Iimentioning

confidence: 93%

The Denver Universal Microspectroradiometer (DUM): II. Computer configuration and modular programming for radiometry

Galbraith

Geyer

David

1975

Journal of Microscopy

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This paper describes and discusses for microscopists and spectroscopists the choice of computer equipment and the design of programs used in the Denver Universal Microspectroradiometer (DUM). This instrument is an accurate computerized photon-counting microspectrophotometer, microspectrofluorimeter and microrefractometer. The computer is used to control the operation of the system, to acquire radiometric data of various kinds, and to reduce, analyse and output the data in a readily usable form. Since the radiometer was designed to carry out many kinds of measurements in a variety of micro- and macroscopic specimens, and since different methods of microscopy or spectroscopy have to be combined in various ways fro the study of any one specimen, no single master-program could fulfill efficiently all foreseeable requirements. Therefore, the programming developed is interactive, modular, hierarchical and hybrid. Modular interactive programming makes it possible for almost any kind of main program, applicable to almost any kind of measurement, to be assembled quickly from a collection of hierarchical subroutines. Main programs are short and composed mainly of Fortran statements calling subroutines; subroutines, in turn, automatically call other subroutines over many levels. The subroutines are independently written and optimized for maximum operational efficiency in the computer system used, or for maximum ease of transfer to other systems. This approach to programming enables someone unfamiliar with computer languages to operate the radiometric system from the console of the CRT terminal. The writing of new main programs, by linking groups of existing subroutines, requires only a minimum acquaintance with Fortran; only the writing and revision of subroutines requires programming experience. Differences and similarities in the method of computer operation between the present system and other computerized radiometers are briefly discussed.

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“…My colleagues and I at National Institutes of Health (NIH) built "Spectre II" (7), which incorporated a galvanometer mirror scanning system (8) developed by Kendall Preston, an Airborne Instruments alumnus then working at Perkin-Elmer (Norwalk, CT), and a Digital Equipment Corporation (Maynard, MA) LINC-8 computer. While this system had sufficient computer power to capture high-resolution cell images (0.2 m pixels), data were recorded on 9-track tape and transported (by "sneakernet") to a mainframe elsewhere on the NIH campus for analysis (9).…”

Section: Motivation For Progress: Cancer Cytology and Hematology Automentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of cytometers

Shapiro¹

2004

Cytometry Pt A

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Microscopy is difficult when cells are on the fly; It's lucky the cytometer's now quicker than the eye. This hasn't been the case throughout the gadget's evolution, But lasers and computers have provided a solution To problems of illuminating cells, at least a myriad Per second, and collecting ample data, in that period, To pick out some to keep, and destine others for rejection. For modern labs, the instrument's a natural selection!

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Computer-aided microspectrophotometry of biological specimens

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Killer applications: Toward affordable rapid cell-based diagnostics for malaria and tuberculosis

Killer applications: Toward affordable rapid cell-based diagnostics for malaria and tuberculosis

The Denver Universal Microspectroradiometer (DUM): II. Computer configuration and modular programming for radiometry

The evolution of cytometers

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