Computed Tomography of the Normal Bovine Tarsus

Abstract

The objective of this study was to provide a detailed multiplanar computed tomographic (CT) anatomic reference for the bovine tarsus. The tarsal regions from twelve healthy adult cow cadavers were scanned in both soft and bone windows via a 16-slice multidetector CT scanner. Tarsi were frozen at -20 C and sectioned to 10-mm-thick slices in transverse, dorsal and sagittal planes respecting the imaging protocol. The frozen sections were cleaned and then photographed. Anatomic structures were identified, labelled and compared with the corresponding CT images. The sagittal plane was indispensable for evaluation of bone contours, the dorsal plane was valuable in examination of the collateral ligaments, and both were beneficial for assessment of the tarsal joint articulations. CT images allowed excellent delineation between the cortex and medulla of bones, and the trabecular structure was clearly depicted. The tarsal soft tissues showed variable shades of grey, and the synovial fluid was the lowest attenuated structure. This study provided full assessment of the clinically relevant anatomic structures of the bovine tarsal joint. This technique may be of value when results from other diagnostic imaging techniques are indecisive. Images presented in this study should serve as a basic CT reference and assist in the interpretation of various bovine tarsal pathology.

Intra-articular injection in the hind limb joints of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) using anatomical and arthrographic-guided landmarks

“…The anatomical landmarks for a dorsal approach to joint injection are more distinct for the tibiotarsal joint, which may account for the reduced number of needle manipulations required for this approach. These observations were in agreement with previously published reports [28][29][30][31][32]. In horses, similar approaches were used for injection of the tarsal joint except for the distal intertarsal joint, which was injected laterally [33][34][35].…”

Anatomy of the congenital calcaneal bursae in the bovine

“…The calcaneal bursae include three synovial structures closely associated with the calcaneal tuberosity/tuber calcanei; the acquired subcutaneous calcaneal bursa (SCB) located subcutaneously/subfascially at the point of the hock, the congenital intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB) located between the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and the gastrocnemius tendon, and the congenital gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB) located dorsal to the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon onto tuber calcanei 1 . The nomenclature of the calcaneal bursae can be confusing, though the location relative to adjacent structures is more consistently reported, especially for the two congenital bursae; the ICB and GCB 2–7 …”

“…1 The nomenclature of the calcaneal bursae can be confusing, though the location relative to adjacent structures is more consistently reported, especially for the two congenital bursae; the ICB and GCB. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Bursoscopic lavage and debridement is considered the gold standard for treatment of septic calcaneal bursitis in the horse, with a success rate of up to 84% reported when there is no bone or tendon involvement. [8][9][10] Despite the high frequency of tarsal lesions in cattle, including contaminated wounds and infection associated with lameness, [11][12][13] no scientific studies are published in common literature databases on outcomes following bursoscopic lavage of the calcaneal bursae in the bovine.…”

The Application of 3D Imaging as an Appropriate Method of Wildlife Craniometry: Evaluation of Accuracy and Measurement Efficiency

“…Today, 3D digitization is becoming an increasingly popular method; different objects are scanned for different purposes, such as for anthropological research, and in evolutionary biology, forensic science, archaeology, etc. [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

“…MDCT uses tomographs of various degrees of technical development, usually defined by the number of detectors (2–320) [ 28 ]. The use of standard “macroCT” devices is limited by insufficient knowledge of imaging limits for animal model species or by setting exposure parameters and CT protocols [ 29 ]. They are mostly used for large and exotic animals, which seem to be a suitable subject concerning the technical principles of CT, especially because of the volumetric similarity to humans [ 30 ].…”