Computed tomography–generated anthropometric measurements of orbital relationships in normal infants and children

Abstract

<jats:sec> <jats:title>OBJECTIVE</jats:title> <jats:p>The aim of this study was to develop soft-tissue and bony anthropometric orbital measurements in a normal pediatric population based upon CT scans.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>METHODS</jats:title> <jats:p>This was a retrospective stratified study of children with ages ranging from birth to 36 months. Head CT images for 204 children were available and obtained with 0.625–1-mm slice widths. Soft-tissue and bone windows were reviewed. Images were oriented in the Frankfort horizontal plane, and the intercanthal (IC), bony interorbital (IO), and bony lateral orbital (LO) distances were measured. Age group stratifications were 0–3, &gt; 3–6, &gt; 6–9, &gt; 9–12, &gt; 12–18, &gt; 18–24, &gt; 24–30, and &gt; 30–36 months. Patients with known syndromes or craniofacial abnormalities were excluded. Statistical analysis included the mean, SD, SEM, 95% CI, and an evaluation of IO:LO ratio.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>RESULTS</jats:title> <jats:p>There was an average of 25.5 patients in each age group (range 25–27 patients). All soft-tissue and bony measurements consistently showed rapid increase from 0–6 months of age, which tapered after age &gt; 12 months. The mean IC, bony IO, and bony LO distances started at 22.22 ± 1.13 mm, 14.16 ± 0.74 mm, and 65.56 ± 1.76 mm, and at 12 months were 27.74 ± 1.01 mm, 16.21 ± 0.75 mm, and 77.98 ± 1.57 mm, respectively. The bony LO position was equivalent to the lateral canthal position and measurements. The IC distance was approximately one-third the lateral canthal distance for all age groups.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS</jats:title> <jats:p>This study established and reported normal anthropometric orbital measurements in a pediatric population using fine-cut craniofacial CT. These measurements are essential when evaluating children with craniofacial anomalies.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Midfacial growth patterns in males from newborn to 5 years old based on computed tomography

“…The difference is usually less than 1.5 mm with one exception being the breadth of the choanae at birth. Pool et al () report the interorbital distance at 0–3 months to be intermediate between the values in newborns and at 1–2 months of the present study. Contencin et al () found very similar nasal and choanal breadths in newborns (0.75 mm more and 0.22 mm less than in our study, respectively).…”

“…Conversely, numerous studies have aimed to create normative values for craniofacial measurements to be used in medical practice (Brief et al, ; Delye et al, ; Dowgiallo, ; Escaravage & Dutton ; Hahn, Chu, & Cheung, ; Honn & Goz, ; Likus, Bajor, Gruszczyńska, Baron, & Markowski, ; Pool, Didier, Bardo, Selden, & Kuang, ; Stepanenko, ; Waitzman et al, ; including numerous X‐ray cephalometric studies, e.g., Broadbent, Broadbend, & Golden, ; Riolo et al, 1974; see also Hunter et al, ; Palomo & Broadbent, ). But despite this effort, growth trends of different regions of the facial skeleton in infancy and early childhood are still relatively poorly known.…”

“…Studies based on autopsy material are rare and mostly dated (Fazekas & Kosa, ; Lang, ; Young, ), and some of them are poorly known to researchers worldwide (Dovgiallo, 1937; Sysak, ).The development of high resolution CT scanning appears to be a very promising solution for understanding craniofacial ontogeny of infants and small children, and for defining normative values for different cranial measurements. The need for such data is appreciated by many authors (Brief et al, ; Delye et al, ; Escaravage & Dutton ; Hahn et al, ; Honn & Goz, ; Licus et al, 2014; Marcus et al, ; Pool et al, ; Stepanenko, ) and emphasized by the fact that the earliest works using CT data are still highly influential in different fields (Waitzman, ). But up to now, clinical CT data have been insufficiently used for describing craniofacial growth trends in infancy and early childhood.…”

“…But up to now, clinical CT data have been insufficiently used for describing craniofacial growth trends in infancy and early childhood. Many studies concentrate on neurocranial development (Sekiguchi et al ; Delye et al, ; Hahn et al, ; Marcus et al, ) while numerous others are concerned with particular aspects of anatomy (Escaravage & Dutton, ; Licus et al, 2014; Pool et al, and citations therein; Stepanenko, ).…”

CT-Based Measurements of Facial Parameters of Healthy Children and Adolescents in Thailand

“…1,2,[8][9][10][11] Available data for the pediatric population is reported to a much lesser extent. [11][12][13] CT is now considered as the main technique for diagnosis, follow-up, and surgical planning for reconstructive surgery. There is literature that indicates that CT is more accurate and reliable than other cephalometric measures.…”