Computed tomographic characterization of the pulmonary system in clinically normal alpacas

Abstract

Knowledge of the typical anatomy of the lungs and bronchial tree in healthy alpacas as determined via CT will aid veterinarians in clinical assessment and bronchoscopic evaluation of alpacas.

Comparison of air sac volume, lung volume, and lung densities determined by use of computed tomography in conscious and anesthetized Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) positioned in ventral, dorsal, and right lateral recumbency

“…20,[47][48][49] Computed tomography is increasingly used to evaluate various organ systems in other animals, 22,50-52 but few studies 18,19,53 have been conducted to determine the volume and density of organs in the respiratory system. Helical CT was used in this study, which allowed procedures to be performed quickly and reproducibly for penguins in in each evaluated recumbency.…”

T-cell-lymphoma presented as a solitary subcutaneous mass in the ventral cervical region of an adult llama- diagnostic and treatment

“…FNA would have given definitely a quite accurate preliminary diagnosis helping with the surgical planning and approach to the mass and should be done in following cases. Additionally, there is a lack of descriptions of physiological findings or pathological findings based on diagnostic imaging in SAC [ 15 – 20 ].…”

Bronchioalveolar carcinoma in an adult alpaca (Vicugna pacos)

“…The CT-scan was helpful to get a better overview of the condition of the lungs, but the classification of the lesions remained difficult due to the lack of experience with these species. The only study describing non-pathological CT-findings in SAC is reported by Cooley et al in 2013 [13]. No literature describing pathological findings was available.…”

“…As an area with pathological findings was identified by ultrasonographic examination, a punction, fine needle aspiration or biopsy and following cytological examination would have been possible and could have led to a diagnosis on the living animal. In cases of unclear radiological findings it is important to consider this diagnostic option [13]. In the present case the owner elected euthanasia of his animal and therefore this examination was not performed.…”