Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-apiose/UDP-xylose
synthase (UAXS) is
a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR),
which catalyzes the ring contraction and closure of UDP-d-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), affording UDP-apiose and UDP-xylose.
UAXS is a special enzyme that integrates ring-opening, decarboxylation,
rearrangement, and ring closure/contraction in a single active site.
Recently, the ternary complex structure of UAXS was crystallized from Arabidopsis thaliana. In this work, to gain insights
into the detailed formation mechanism of UDP-apiose and UDP-xylose,
an enzyme–substrate reactant model has been constructed and
quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations have
been performed. Our calculation results reveal that the reaction starts
from the C4–OH oxidation, which is accompanied by the conformational
transformation of the sugar ring from chair type to boat type. The
sugar ring-opening is prior to decarboxylation, and the deprotonation
of the C2–OH group is the prerequisite for sugar ring-opening.
Moreover, the keto–enol tautomerization of the decarboxylated
intermediate is a necessary step for ring closure/contraction. Based
on our calculation results, more UDP-apiose product was expected,
which is in line with the experimental observation. Three titratable
residues, Tyr185, Cys100, and Cys140, steer the reaction by proton
transfer from or to UDP-GlcA, and Arg182, Glu141, and D337 constitute
a proton conduit for sugar C2–OH deprotonation. Although Thr139
and Tyr105 are not directly involved in the enzymatic reaction, they
are responsible for promoting the catalysis by forming hydrogen-bonding
interactions with GlcA. Our calculations may provide useful information
for understanding the catalysis of the SDR family.