“…At the same time, the difference of it to the observation points 1 and 3 gradually increased. Such results indicated that the blood reflux may occur in the stenosis of the blood vessel, and the change of hemodynamic parameters was greatly reduced, which was in line with the clinical physical law [14][15][16].…”
Section: D Model Of Leao and Vascular Hydrodynamic Analysissupporting
This study was to evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of the vascular wall during virtual reality- (VR-) assisted percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and its effect on the treatment of lower-extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans (LEAO). In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) model and a finite-element model of arteries were constructed first, and various fluid mechanics were analyzed. Then, the virtual expansion simulation (VES) of individualized PTA was performed based on the ABAQUS/Explicit module to analyze the interaction between the balloon and the blood vessel at different times and the changes in the vascular shape and structural stress distribution. Finally, an LEAO animal model was constructed. Based on conventional PTA (PTA group) and VR-assisted PTA (VR-PTA) treatment, the morphological changes of vascular lumen of the two animal models were evaluated. The results showed that the normal, stenotic blood vessels and blood models were successfully constructed; the pressure of the stenotic blood vessel at the stenosis decreased obviously and the shear stress of blood vessel wall increased compared with that of the normal blood vessels, and there may be a blood reflux area in the poststenosis stage. The simulation results of the VES showed that the maximum principal stress value at 3 mm of the marginal vessel was much lower than that at 5 mm (about 10% lower), so the maximum principal stress change within 2 mm of the balloon-expanded vessel was the most obvious. The treatment results of the animal model showed that the VR-PTA group showed an obvious increase in the diameter of the vascular lumen, a decrease in the intima and media area, and a decrease in the thickness of the vessel wall in contrast to the PTA group
P
<
0.05
, which had an important effect on the reconstruction and expansion of the vascular lumen. The VR-PTA treatment on LEAO was realized in this study, which provided critical reference for the follow-up application of VR technology in the evaluation of surgical plan and research on biomechanical mechanisms of restenosis after PTA.
“…At the same time, the difference of it to the observation points 1 and 3 gradually increased. Such results indicated that the blood reflux may occur in the stenosis of the blood vessel, and the change of hemodynamic parameters was greatly reduced, which was in line with the clinical physical law [14][15][16].…”
Section: D Model Of Leao and Vascular Hydrodynamic Analysissupporting
This study was to evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of the vascular wall during virtual reality- (VR-) assisted percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and its effect on the treatment of lower-extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans (LEAO). In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) model and a finite-element model of arteries were constructed first, and various fluid mechanics were analyzed. Then, the virtual expansion simulation (VES) of individualized PTA was performed based on the ABAQUS/Explicit module to analyze the interaction between the balloon and the blood vessel at different times and the changes in the vascular shape and structural stress distribution. Finally, an LEAO animal model was constructed. Based on conventional PTA (PTA group) and VR-assisted PTA (VR-PTA) treatment, the morphological changes of vascular lumen of the two animal models were evaluated. The results showed that the normal, stenotic blood vessels and blood models were successfully constructed; the pressure of the stenotic blood vessel at the stenosis decreased obviously and the shear stress of blood vessel wall increased compared with that of the normal blood vessels, and there may be a blood reflux area in the poststenosis stage. The simulation results of the VES showed that the maximum principal stress value at 3 mm of the marginal vessel was much lower than that at 5 mm (about 10% lower), so the maximum principal stress change within 2 mm of the balloon-expanded vessel was the most obvious. The treatment results of the animal model showed that the VR-PTA group showed an obvious increase in the diameter of the vascular lumen, a decrease in the intima and media area, and a decrease in the thickness of the vessel wall in contrast to the PTA group
P
<
0.05
, which had an important effect on the reconstruction and expansion of the vascular lumen. The VR-PTA treatment on LEAO was realized in this study, which provided critical reference for the follow-up application of VR technology in the evaluation of surgical plan and research on biomechanical mechanisms of restenosis after PTA.
“…In contrast to the model [ 63 ], our data demonstrate that based on arterial geometry data acquired by CT before DP CAR, one cannot predict the disappearance of pulsation and linear blood velocity reduction in the arteries of hepatoduodenal ligament, as well as changes of diameters and volumetric flow rates in the arteries of pancreaticoduodenal arcade after surgery.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 89%
“…The latter would be energetically favorable for maintaining sufficient hepatic blood flow to meet the advanced energy requirements of the stomach. This phenomenon needs further research [ 60 , 61 , 62 ], considering its unpredictability for modeling [ 63 ]. At the same time, modeling of the celiac axis critical stenosis was able to predict the increase in diameter of some arteries of the pancreaticoduodenal arcade by more than 2–3 times [ 63 ], which is in line with our data.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This phenomenon needs further research [ 60 , 61 , 62 ], considering its unpredictability for modeling [ 63 ]. At the same time, modeling of the celiac axis critical stenosis was able to predict the increase in diameter of some arteries of the pancreaticoduodenal arcade by more than 2–3 times [ 63 ], which is in line with our data.…”
DPCAR’s short- and long-term outcomes are highly diverse, while the causes and prevention of ischemic complications are unclear. To assess oncological, surgical, and hemodynamic outcomes of 40 consecutive DPCARs for pancreatic (n37) and gastric tumors (n3) (2009–2021), retrospective analyses of mortality, morbidity, survival, and hemodynamic consequences after DPCAR were undertaken using case history data, IOUS, and pre- and postoperative CT measurements. In postoperative complications (42.5%), the pancreatic fistula was the most frequent event (27%), 90-day mortality was 7.5. With 27 months median follow-up, median overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for PDAC were 29 and 18 months, respectively; with 1-, 3-, and 5-years, the OS were 90, 60, and 28%, with an R0-resection rate of 92.5%. Liver and gastric ischemia developed in 0 and 5 (12.5%) cases. Comparison of clinical and vascular geometry data revealed fast adaptation of collateral circulation, insignificant changes in proper hepatic artery diameter, and high risk of ischemic gastropathy if the preoperative diameter of pancreaticoduodenal artery was <2 mm. DP CAR can be performed with acceptable morbidity and survival. OS and RFS in this super-selective cohort were compared to those for resectable cancer. The changes in the postoperative arterial geometry could explain the causes of ischemic complications and determine directions for their prevention.
“…The gastric tube blood flow is predominantly from the right gastroepiploic artery through the gastroduodenal artery, with little contribution from the right gastric artery [ 22 ]. The gastroduodenal artery normally receives its blood flow from the celiac artery through the common hepatic artery; however, in the presence of celiac artery stenosis, it receives its blood flow from the superior mesenteric artery [ 23 , 24 ]. Therefore, in cases of gastric tube reconstruction following esophagectomy for patients with celiac artery stenosis, correction of celiac artery stenosis is controversial.…”
Background
The celiac artery stenosis due to compression by median arcuate ligament (MAL) has been reported in many cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy, but not in cases of esophagectomy. Recently, the celiac artery stenosis due to MAL or arteriosclerosis has been reported to be associated with the gastric tube necrosis or anastomotic leakage following Ivor–Lewis esophagectomy. Herein, we present the first reported case of esophageal cancer with celiac artery stenosis due to compression by the MAL successfully treated by McKeown esophagectomy and gastric tube reconstruction following prophylactic MAL release.
Case presentation
A 72-year-old female patient was referred to our department for esophagectomy. The patient had received two courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU and cisplatin for T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the middle esophagus. Preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) showed celiac artery stenosis due to compression by the MAL. The development of collateral arteries around the pancreatic head was observed without evidence of aneurysm formation. The patient reported no abdominal symptoms. After robot-assisted esophagectomy with mediastinal lymphadenectomy, gastric mobilization, supra-pancreatic lymphadenectomy, and preparation of the gastric tube were performed under laparotomy. Subsequently, the MAL was cut, and released to expose the celiac artery. Improved celiac artery blood flow was confirmed by decreased pulsatility index on intraoperative Doppler sonography. The operation was completed with the cervical esophagogastric anastomosis following cervical lymphadenectomy. Postoperative CECT on postoperative day 7 demonstrated increased celiac artery patency. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course thereafter.
Conclusions
Prophylactic MAL release may be considered in patients with celiac artery stenosis due to compression by the MAL on preoperative CECT for esophagectomy.
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