To explore charge regulation (CR) in physicochemical and biophysical systems, we present a model of colloidal particles with sticky adsorption sites which account for the formation of covalent bonds between the hydronium ions and the surface functional groups. Using this model and Monte Carlo simulations, we find that the standard Ninham and Parsegian (NP) theory of CR leads to results which deviate significantly from computer simulations. The problem of NP approach is traced back to the use of bulk equilibrium constant to account for surface chemical reactions. To resolve this difficulty we present a new theory of CR. The fundamental ingredient of the new approach is the sticky length, which is non-trivially related with the bulk equilibrium constant. The theory is found to be in excellent agreement with computer simulations, without any adjustable parameters. As an application of the theory we calculate the effective charge of colloidal particles containing carboxyl groups, as a function of pH and salt concentration.Electrostatic interactions play a fundamental role in physics, chemistry, and biology. The long-range nature of the Coulomb force, however, makes it very difficult to study theoretically 1 . In aqueous systems ions are usually hydrated by water molecules. On the other hand, acids lose proton, which associates with the water molecule forming a hydronium ion 2 . There are many reactions that are controlled by pH, and the acid-base equilibrium directly influences the functionality of biomolecules. Although pH can be easily tuned in experiments, it is much more difficult to account for the chemical equilibrium in theoretical and simulation studies 3 .Colloidal particles often have organic functional groups on their surfaces. In aqueous systems these groups dissociate, loosing a proton, resulting in a colloidal surface charge 4-7 . The amount of surface charge strongly depends on the pH of the environment 8,9 and is controlled by the chemical equilibrium between hydronium ions and the functional groups. This process is known as charge regulation (CR) 10-16 . The concept of charge regulation was first described by Linderstrøm-Lang 17-19 and studied theoretically by Ninham and Parsegian. 20 . CR is of fundamental importance in colloidal science 10,21-32 and biophysics 33-39 . It has been applied to explore the stability of electrical double layers 9,40-45 and is of great technological importance in fields as diverse as mineral preparation, agriculture, ceramics, and surface coating 46 .Consider a weak acid HA in equilibrium with bulk water, HA+H 2 O ⇄ H 3 O + +A -. For dilute solutions the concentration of all species is controlled by the law of mass action, K eq = c HA /c A -c H +,where K eq is the equilibrium constant and c indicates the concentration of each specie. Ninham and Parsegian (NP) supposed that the same equilibrium relation will hold for the reactive (acidic) sites on the colloidal surface with the local concentration of hydronium determined by the Boltzmann distribution, c surfq is the proto...