Computational models of the “active self” and its disturbances in schizophrenia

Möller, Tim Julian; Georgie, Yasmin Kim; Schillaci, Guido; Voss, Martin; Hafner, Verena V.; Kaltwasser, Laura

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103155

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 244 publications

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“…This can be done through rigorous comparison of subjective report and case studies with neuroimaging and behavioral measures (Weiskrantz, 1997; Dehaene et al, 2003 ; Koch and Tsuchiya, 2007 ; Rosenthal, 2019 ; Cunningham, 1977 ; Scarantino, 2017 ; Wharton and de Saussure, 2023 ). Especially when it comes to psychopathology, investigation into aberrations in the capacity to maintain a perceived and actionable comfort zone is paramount—and methodologies to perform such studies are on the rise ( Metzinger, 2003a , 2003b , 2013 ; Möller et al, 2021 ). For example, given the fundamental role that actionability plays in this framework, research into an integrated sense of agency ( Georgieff and Jeannerod, 1998 ; Horgan et al, 2003 ; Engbert et al, 2008 ; Gallagher, 2000 ; Hohwy, 2007 ; de Haan and de Bruin, 2010 ; David, 2012 ; Synofzik et al, 2008 , 2013 ; Roessler and Eilan, 2003 ; Pacherie, 2008 ; Gallagher, 2012 ; Moore, 2016 ; Haggard, 2017 ; Braun et al, 2018 ) as well as sense of control over intended outcomes ( Pacherie, 2007 ; Rotter, 1966 ; Lachman and Weaver, 1998 ; Bandura, 1977 , 2006 ; Na et al, 2023 ) in relation to affective phenomena can be expanded.…”

Section: Conclusion: How Can We Study Human Affective Pheno...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Affectome

Schiller,

Yu,

Alia-Klein

et al. 2024

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Section: Conclusion: How Can We Study Human Affective Pheno...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Affectome

Schiller,

Yu,

Alia-Klein

et al. 2024

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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“…Here, we understood the language disembodiment as a part of general disembodiment due to self-disturbances (SD) ( 3 ). Recent data suggest SD as a trait phenomenon, remaining a constant domain of psychopathology ( 2 ) and a potential marker of schizophrenia spectrum ( 33 ). Empirical studies using EASE revealed a significant coincidence of self-disorder with typical formal thought aberrancies and imagination anomalies ( 34 ), which suggests the crucial role of the self in language processing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disembodied Language in Early-Onset Schizophrenia

2022

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A recent view on schizophrenia phenomenology underlines the impaired relations between the mind and the body. An aberrant feeling of ipseity may be the real source of suffering of the patients from psychosis and impacts general symptomatology. The disturbed connection between thinking processes and environmental stimuli may lead to language disembodiment. In the study, we aimed to experimentally test the presence of disembodied language and investigate its association with symptoms of psychosis in adolescents diagnosed with early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Assessment of language embodiment was conducted using the Zabór Verbal Task (ZVT) with concurrent linguistic and clinical assessment using the Thought, Language, and Communication Scale (TLCS) and Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS). The study group of patients (n = 31) aged 11–18 years, with the diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria, was compared with a sex- and age-matched healthy control sample (n = 31). Patients with psychosis made more errors in ZVT than healthy controls (p = 0.01) and this parameter did not improve after 6–8 weeks of standard treatment (p = 0.55). A higher number of errors in ZVT were associated with the presence of auditory hallucinations (odds ratio [OR] 1.14; 95% CI 1.02–1.26). ZVT errors coincided with perception disorders, alternatively to the TLCS scores where we observed association with abnormal beliefs. The results of these preliminary studies indicate the value of the phenomenological approach in the diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum and suggest a potential involvement of language disembodiment in symptomatology.

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“…The same individual may simultaneously have a set of delusions that are resistant to change, despite being extremely unlikely or even bizarre to most people. The paradox that poorly reliable low-level processes (such as unstable perceptions) co-exist with overly stable high-level beliefs (such as delusions) is of central interest in psychosis research ( Sterzer et al, 2008 ; Moller et al, 2021 ). Here, we used a task combining instructed fear learning ( Mertens et al, 2018 ) and classical fear conditioning ( Fullana et al, 2016 ) in order to test whether belief formation induced by instructions is stronger in high delusion-proneness—a trait associated with psychotic disorders that is expressed in healthy subjects ( van Os et al, 2009 )—compared to controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Instructed Fear Learning in Delusion-Proneness

et al. 2022

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Psychosis is associated with distorted perceptions and deficient bottom-up learning such as classical fear conditioning. This has been interpreted as reflecting imprecise priors in low-level predictive coding systems. Paradoxically, overly strong beliefs, such as overvalued beliefs and delusions, are also present in psychosis-associated states. In line with this, research has suggested that patients with psychosis and associated phenotypes rely more on high-order priors to interpret perceptual input. In this behavioural and fMRI study we studied two types of fear learning, i.e., instructed fear learning mediated by verbal suggestions about fear contingencies and classical fear conditioning mediated by low level associative learning, in delusion proneness—a trait in healthy individuals linked to psychotic disorders. Subjects were shown four faces out of which two were coupled with an aversive stimulation (CS+) while two were not (CS-) in a fear conditioning procedure. Before the conditioning, subjects were informed about the contingencies for two of the faces of each type, while no information was given for the two other faces. We could thereby study the effect of both classical fear conditioning and instructed fear learning. Our main outcome variable was evaluative rating of the faces. Simultaneously, fMRI-measurements were performed to study underlying mechanisms. We postulated that instructed fear learning, measured with evaluative ratings, is stronger in psychosis-related phenotypes, in contrast to classical fear conditioning that has repeatedly been shown to be weaker in these groups. In line with our hypothesis, we observed significantly larger instructed fear learning on a behavioural level in delusion-prone individuals (n = 20) compared to non-delusion-prone subjects (n = 23; n = 20 in fMRI study). Instructed fear learning was associated with a bilateral activation of lateral orbitofrontal cortex that did not differ significantly between groups. However, delusion-prone subjects showed a stronger functional connectivity between right lateral orbitofrontal cortex and regions processing fear and pain. Our results suggest that psychosis-related states are associated with a strong instructed fear learning in addition to previously reported weak classical fear conditioning. Given the similarity between nocebo paradigms and instructed fear learning, our results also have an impact on understanding why nocebo effects differ between individuals.

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Computational models of the “active self” and its disturbances in schizophrenia

Cited by 9 publications

References 244 publications

The Human Affectome

The Human Affectome

Disembodied Language in Early-Onset Schizophrenia

Enhanced Instructed Fear Learning in Delusion-Proneness

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