Computational models for active matter

Abstract

A variety of computational models have been developed to describe active matter at different length and time scales. The diversity of the methods and the challenges in modeling active matterranging from molecular motors and cytoskeletal filaments over artificial and biological swimmers on microscopic to groups of animals on macroscopic scales-mainly originate from their out-ofequilibrium character, multiscale nature, nonlinearity, and multibody interactions. In the present review, various modeling approaches and numerical techniques are addressed, compared, and differentiated to illuminate the innovations and current challenges in understanding active matter. The complexity increases from minimal microscopic models of dry active matter toward microscopic models of active matter in fluids. Complementary, coarse-grained descriptions and continuum models are elucidated. Microscopic details are often relevant and strongly affect collective behaviors, which implies that the selection of a proper level of modeling is a delicate choice, with simple models emphasizing universal properties and detailed models capturing specific features. Finally, current approaches to further advance the existing models and techniques to cope with real-world applications, such as complex media and biological environments, are discussed.2

RETRACTED: Sanal Flow Choking: A Paradigm Shift in Computational Fluid Dynamics Code Verification and Diagnosing Detonation and Hemorrhage in Real‐World Fluid‐Flow Systems

“…[2] Certainly, all fluids in nature are compressible with different degrees of compressibility percentage, ranging from a zero-plus (0+) value, [26,27] as the specific heat at the constantpressure (C p ) is always higher than the specific heat at the constant-volume (C v ) of all real-world fluids. During the in silico simulation, most of the previous researchers assumed that the human blood is an incompressible fluid, [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and its C p and C v are identical. Although the results generated from such in silico models with the incompressible assumption will give numerical solutions within the specified degree of accepted accuracy for the prognosis and treatment of certain diseases and disorders, such an assumption is patently not true for solving several asymptomatic biofluid dynamics problems in numerous subjects (human being/animals) due to the large swings in blood pressure (BP) leading to cavitation and significant flow compressibility.…”

Pulsations and flows in tissues: two collective dynamics with simple cellular rules

“…An important challenge is to identify experimental setups and the relevant theoretical framework to test cellular mechanisms. Recently, many theoretical approaches have been designed to predict these dynamics [8].…”

“…Alternative models have also contributed to explicitly match cellular behavior and in silico cell dynamics in adapted versions of the so-called Vicsek model [10]. Both types of approaches as well as alternatives complement each other [8]. The current study aims at comparing dynamics of cell in vitro to control experimental conditions and numerical simulations to reveal mechanisms underlying collective effects in tissues.…”

Far from equilibrium dynamics of tracer particles embedded in a growing multicellular spheroid

“…The interplay of systematic short-range forces and nonequilibrium processes arising from cell division and apoptosis give rise to unexpected dynamics in the collective migration of cancer cells [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. An example of relevance here is the invasion of cancer cells (CCs) in a growing multicellular spheroid (MCS), which is relevant in cancer metastasis [6,7].…”