“…Continuum finite element (FE) models of adhesively bonded joints are widely available in the literature, where work began as early as 1971 (Wooley and Garver, 6 and Adams and Peppiatt 7 are early references). More recently, promising advances in cohesive zone (including Kafkalidis and Thouless, 8 Xie et al, 9 Li et al, 10,11 Valoroso and Champaney 12 ), discrete cohesive zone (Xie et al 13 ), fracture mechanics (Weerts and Kossira 14 ), probabilistic prediction (Aydemir and Gunay, 15 Koutsourelakis et al 16 ), virtual crack closure (including Gillespie et al, 17 Wang et al, 18 Glaessgen et al, 19 Krueger, 20 Xie et al [21][22][23] ), and other adhesive region models (including Munoz et al, 24 Goncalves et al, 25 Goyal et al 26 ) have greatly increased the predictive capability of FE techniques. Cohesive zone models have been incorporated into commercial software, including Abaqus R , 27 as well as freely available research codes like Tahoe R .…”