Computational expressions for blood oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations

Spencer, Jordan L.; Firouztalé, E.; Mellins, Robert B.

doi:10.1007/bf02364439

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The nonlinear blood-gas dissociation curves, which also incorporate the Bohr-Haldane effects, are based on those published by Spencer et al(1979). Mixing in the heart and vasculature is modeled after empirical transfer functions derived by Lange et al (1966).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrative model of respiratory and cardiovascular control in sleep-disordered breathing

Cheng

Иванова

Fan

et al. 2010

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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While many physiological control models exist in the literature, none thus far has focused on characterizing the interactions among the respiratory, cardiovascular and sleep-wake regulation systems that occur in sleep-disordered breathing. The model introduced in this study integrates the autonomic control of the cardiovascular system, chemoreflex and state-related control of respiration, including respiratory and upper airway mechanics, along with a model of circadian and sleep-wake regulation. The integrative model provides realistic predictions of the physiological responses under a variety of conditions including: the sleep-wake cycle, hypoxiainduced periodic breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration in chronic heart failure, and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). It can be used to investigate the effects of a variety of interventions, such as isocapnic and hypercapnic and/or hypoxic gas administration, the Valsalva and Mueller maneuvers, and the application of continuous positive airway pressure on OSA subjects. By being able to delineate the influences of the various interacting physiological mechanisms, the model is useful in providing a more lucid understanding of the complex dynamics that characterize statecardiorespiratory control in the different forms of sleep-disordered breathing.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrative model of respiratory and cardiovascular control in sleep-disordered breathing

Cheng

Иванова

Fan

et al. 2010

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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“…Equations governing the model are derived based on conservation of mass using gas fractions in the inspired air as inputs. Oxygen and carbon dioxide metabolic processes at the tissue level are also described by way of differential equations based on mass conservation, assuming Finally, pulmonary shunts, transport circulatory delays and empirical dissociation curves [6] are also included in the model.…”

Section: B Lung Mechanics and Gas Exchange Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient respiratory response to hypercapnia: Analysis via a cardiopulmonary simulation model

Albanese

Chbat

Ursino

2011

2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

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In recent years, our group has developed a comprehensive cardiopulmonary (CP) model that comprises the heart, systemic and pulmonary circulations, lung mechanics and gas exchange, tissue metabolism, and cardiovascular and respiratory control mechanisms. In this paper, we analyze the response of the model to hypercapnic conditions and hence focus on the chemoreflex control mechanism. Particularly, we have enhanced the peripheral chemoreceptor model in order to better reflect respiratory control physiology. Using the CO(2) fraction in the inspired air as input to the CP model, we were able to analyze the transient response of the system to CO(2) step input at different levels, in terms of alveolar gas partial pressures, tidal volume, minute ventilation and respiratory frequency. Model predictions were tested against experimental data from human subjects [1]. Results show good agreement for all the variables under study during the transient phases and low root mean square errors at steady state. This indicates the potential for the model to be used as a valid tool for clinical practice and medical research, providing a complementary way to experience-based clinical decisions.

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“…The blood dissociation curves for O 2 and CO 2 have been reproduced by means of the equations proposed by Spencer et al . (1979).…”

Section: Qualitative Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated model of the human ventilatory control system: the response to hypercapnia

Ursino

Magosso

Avanzolini

2001

Clinical Physiology

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This work presents a mathematical model of the human respiratory control system, based on physiological knowledge. It includes three compartments for gas storage and exchange (lungs, brain tissue and other body tissues), and various kinds of feedback mechanisms. These comprehend peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body, central chemoreceptors in the medulla and a central ventilatory depression. The latter acts by reducing the response of the central neural system to the afferent peripheral chemoreceptor activity during prolonged hypoxia of the brain tissue. Furthermore, the model considers local blood flow adjustments in response to O2 and CO2 arterial pressure changes. In this study, the model has been validated by simulating the response to square changes in alveolar PCO2, performed at different constant levels of alveolar PO2. A good agreement with data reported in the literature has been checked. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis on the role of the main feedback mechanisms on ventilation response to CO2 has been performed. The results suggest that the ventilatory response to CO2 challenges during hyperoxia can be almost completely ascribed to the central chemoreflex, while, during normoxia, the peripheral chemoreceptors provide a modest contribution too. By contrast, the response to hypercapnic stimuli during hypoxia involves a complex superimposition among different factors with disparate dynamics. Hence, results suggest that the ventilatory response to hypercapnia during hypoxia is more complex than that provided by simple empirical models, and that discrimination between the central and peripheral components based on time constants may be misleading.

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Computational expressions for blood oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations

Cited by 35 publications

References 9 publications

An integrative model of respiratory and cardiovascular control in sleep-disordered breathing

An integrative model of respiratory and cardiovascular control in sleep-disordered breathing

Transient respiratory response to hypercapnia: Analysis via a cardiopulmonary simulation model

An integrated model of the human ventilatory control system: the response to hypercapnia

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