Computational Evaluation of the Combination of Semi-Supervised and Active Learning for Histopathology Image Segmentation with Missing Annotations

Abstract

Real-world segmentation tasks in digital pathology require a great effort from human experts to accurately annotate a sufficiently high number of images. Hence, there is a huge interest in methods that can make use of nonannotated samples, to alleviate the burden on the annotators. In this work, we evaluate two classes of such methods, semi-supervised and active learning, and their combination on a version of the GlaS dataset for gland segmentation in colorectal cancer tissue with missing annotations. Our results show that semi-supervised learning benefits from the combination with active learning and outperforms fully supervised learning on a dataset with missing annotations. However, an active learning procedure alone with a simple selection strategy obtains results of comparable quality.