Computational efficiency of CFD modeling for building engineering: An empty domain study

Assessing aerodynamic loads on low-rise buildings considering Reynolds number and turbulence effects: a review

“…Employing advanced SGS models can augment LES performance as the task of such models is to account for the under-resolved smallscale structures and draw adequate energy from the flow [148]. We researched this topic using an empty domain and reported encouraging conclusions [86]. Some other studies propose advanced SGS models to reduce the errors associated with modeling small eddies [149][150][151].…”

“…Generally, turbulent flow is dealt with in three different ways; the methods are Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations equipped with a turbulence model, direct numerical simulation (DNS), and LES [69]. The pros and cons of the commonly used turbulence closures in building aerodynamics are summarized in a recent publication [86]. The complex flow features around buildings pose numerical challenges, which inhibited the rapid growth of CFD in structural engineering [41].…”

“…The recommended meshing strategy in the cited paper produced the least errors (in the order of 20%) when compared to experimental measurements. However, the influence of SGS models on surface pressures needs to be investigated more after analyzing the empty domain results reported in [86]. Comparing LES results with experiments quantitatively has gained acceptance recently.…”

“…Integrating the synthetic eddy method with wall-modeled LES was found to perform very well for complex flows at high Reynolds numbers. A similar strategy was followed in a recent study [86] to compare the computational efficiency of LES with different Subgrid Scale (SGS) models. The study demonstrated the superior efficiency of the wall-adapting eddy viscosity (WALE) SGS model while producing empty-domain flow characteristics of higher accuracy.…”

Evaluating the Effect of Window-to-Wall Ratios on Cooling-Energy Demand on a Typical Summer Day

“…There are also some differences in the research technologies associated with WWR in urban planning and building science. In urban planning, WWR studies are mostly conducted using CFD software (Computational Fluid Dynamics) [22][23][24], which is capable of simulating the thermal behavior of various materials under various morphological conditions, calculating their influences on local wind speed, air temperature, and relative humidity [25][26][27]. Nevertheless, the CFD-based software packages are not advanced in their ability to calculate energy consumption.…”