Computational Determination of the Mechanism of the Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Reaction of ortho-Iodostyrene, Oxanorbornadiene, and Phenylboronic Acid

Abstract

The palladium-catalyzed three-component domino reaction of ortho-iodostyrene, 2,3-dicarbomethoxy-7-oxanorbornadiene (ONBD), and phenylboronic acid discovered by the Lautens group provides a convenient method to synthesize indenes derivatives. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to explore the detailed mechanism of this domino reaction. The computational results suggest that the alkeneinsertion-first and the transmetalation-first mechanisms are competitive, and the former mechanism is slightly more favorable because of the difficult intramolecular alkene insertion of the alkyl-Pd II -aryl than alkyl-Pd II -I complex. Further analysis on substituents of ONBD unveils the impacts of noncovalent interactions and electronic effect on the rate-determining retro-Diels−Alder process. The understanding of this domino reaction has important implications for developing a novel palladium-catalyzed domino reaction with a retro-Diels−Alder strategy.