Computational analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses based on the Kolmogorov’s complexity and Shannon’s information theories

Advances in the computational analysis of SARS-COV2 genome

“…1 and 2 we verify that the case of k s = 3 symbols represent a good compromise between complexity and accurate description of the information content. This conclusion follows previous observations with genetic data [19,[51][52][53].…”

“…Subsequently, the new coronavirus has spread worldwide in less than 4 months, and a pandemic situation was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). The disease was named on February 2020, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19), and the disease is now responsible for more than 145,000,000 confirmed cases, and 4,230,000 deaths reported worldwide as of August 3, 2021 (source: World Health Organization https:// covid19.who.int). There are significant differences in case fatality rates (proportion of deaths from a specific disease compared to the total number of individuals diagnosed with the disease for a particular period) between countries, possibly related to the efficacy of the measures adopted to limit viral spreading, the demographic pyramid, i.e., the distribution of various age groups in a particular country, and the screening, test and tracing strategy [1].…”

“…With this regard computational techniques associated with mathematical tools are a promising strategy to tackle genomic data-sets. This approach was tested in [18,19] using the Kolmogorov complexity and Shannon information theories, associated with clustering techniques [20,21] such as the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). Given its successful application in a primary set of 133 items, encompass-ing a variety of virus, this paper extends the study to a more challenging problem, namely of analyzing and comparing the SARS-CoV-2 mutations.…”

Experimental Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Possible Platforms to Study COVID-19 Pathogenesis and Potential Treatments

“…Apart from the above-described in vivo and in vitro models, several computational and mathematical models are being used to study SARS-CoV-2 (130,131). These computational models have been widely employed to screen potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2 (132,133) and provide new components and targets for further in vitro and in vivo investigation of SARS-CoV-2 (134).…”

A Clustering Perspective of the Collatz Conjecture

“…In practical terms, the MDS set of points are plotted in either two-or three-dimensional charts. These computational schemes have been adopted successfully in a number of scientific areas and allow unveiling patterns embedded in the dataset [22][23][24][25][26]. For the case of MDS, the possibility of having three dimensions allows an additional degree of freedom that is of utmost importance when handling complex phenomena.…”