“…These include methods of Udaykumar et al [44], Ye et al [51], Fadlun et al [9], Kim et al [16], Gibou et al [12], You et al [52], Balaras [2], Marella et al [22], Ghias et al [11] and others. The key advantage of the first category of methods is that they are formulated relatively independent of the spatial discretization and therefore can be implemented into an existing Navier-Stokes solver with relative ease.…”