The spectra of self-adjoint operators in Krein spaces are known to possess real sectors as well as sectors of pair-wise complex conjugate eigenvalues. Transitions from one spectral sector to the other are a rather generic feature and they usually occur at exceptional points of square root branching type. For certain parameter configurations two or more such exceptional points may happen to coalesce and to form a higher-order branch point. We study the coalescence of two square root branch points semi-analytically for a PTsymmetric 4×4 matrix toy model and illustrate its occurrence numerically in the spectrum of the 2 × 2 operator matrix of the magneto-hydrodynamic α 2 -dynamo and an extended version of the hydrodynamic Squire equation.
Krein space related physical setups and spectral phase transitionsSome basic spectral properties of the Hamiltonians of PT -symmetric Quantum Mechanics (PTSQM) [1] can be easily explained from the fact [2, 3] that these Hamiltonians are self-adjoint operators in Krein spaces [4, 5] -Hilbert spaces with an indefinite metric structure. In contrast to the purely real spectra of selfadjoint operators in "usual" Hilbert spaces (with positive definite metric structure), the spectrum of self-adjoint operators in Krein spaces splits into real sectors and sectors with pair-wise complex conjugate eigenvalues. In physical terms these two types of sectors are equivalent to phases of exact PT -symmetry and spontaneously broken PT -symmetry [1]. The reality of the spectrum of a PTSQM Hamiltonian, e.g., with complex potential ix 3 , means that this spectrum is located solely in a real sector and that the operator is quasi-Hermitian 1 ) in the sense of Ref. [7]. In * ) Presented at the 3rd International Workshop "Pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics", Istanbul, Turkey, June 20-22, 2005. 1 ) Because quasi-Hermitian operators form only a restricted subclass of self-adjoint operators in Krein spaces (pseudo-Hermitian operators in the sense of Ref.[6]), the question for the reality of the spectrum seems up to now to be only partially solved. Apart from the requirement for existing PT -symmetry of the differential expression of the operator, a subtle interplay between the operator domain and some, in general not yet sufficiently clearly identified, additional structural aspects of its differential expression seems to be responsible for the quasi-Hermiticity of the operator (exact PT -symmetry of the corresponding PTSQM setup).