Computation of Implicit Representation of Volumetric Shells with Predefined Thickness

Geier, Martin; Alihussein, Hussein

doi:10.3390/a14040125

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…For FKS, we added the gradient of Equation ( 2) and multiplied it by k, as shown in Equation (3). Geier et al proposed a method of surface offsetting with significantly reduced line spacing variance by adding the magnitude of the gradient vector of the surface to the original implicit function [61]. This method works because the gradient is a proxy for the normal of a surface and it can be shown that the gradient and normal vectors are coaxial.…”

Section: Creating a Flexible Customizable 3d Tpms Model For Btementioning

confidence: 99%

Robocasting of Ceramic Fischer–Koch S Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Baumer

Gunn

Riegle

et al. 2023

JFB

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Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) are promising structures for bone tissue engineering scaffolds due to their relatively high mechanical energy absorption, smoothly interconnected porous structure, scalable unit cell topology, and relatively high surface area per volume. Calcium phosphate-based materials, such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate, are very popular scaffold biomaterials due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, compositional similarities to bone mineral, non-immunogenicity, and tunable biodegradation. Their brittle nature can be partially mitigated by 3D printing them in TPMS topologies such as gyroids, which are widely studied for bone regeneration, as evidenced by their presence in popular 3D-printing slicers, modeling systems, and topology optimization tools. Although structural and flow simulations have predicted promising properties of other TPMS scaffolds, such as Fischer–Koch S (FKS), to the best of our knowledge, no one has explored these possibilities for bone regeneration in the laboratory. One reason for this is that fabrication of the FKS scaffolds, such as by 3D printing, is challenged by a lack of algorithms to model and slice this topology for use by low-cost biomaterial printers. This paper presents an open-source software algorithm that we developed to create 3D-printable FKS and gyroid scaffold cubes, with a framework that can accept any continuous differentiable implicit function. We also report on our successful 3D printing of hydroxyapatite FKS scaffolds using a low-cost method that combines robocasting with layer-wise photopolymerization. Dimensional accuracy, internal microstructure, and porosity characteristics are also presented, demonstrating promising potential for the 3D printing of TPMS ceramic scaffolds for bone regeneration.

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Section: Creating a Flexible Customizable 3d Tpms Model For Btementioning

confidence: 99%