Computation of Antenna Transfer Functions with a Bidirectional Ray-Tracing Algorithm Utilizing Antenna Reciprocity

Investigation of Massive Mimo Scenarios Involving Rooftop Propagation by Bidirectional Ray-Tracing

“…Previous studies have shown that the bidirectional ray-tracing method can give good results with a number of the rays 10 times smaller than required in a unidirectional ray-tracing simulation (only single diffractions were considered) [8]. It is possible to observe a similar reduction in the number of rays, even in scenarios without diffractions (e.g., 2-ray ground reflection model), although with less dramatic differences [7].…”

“…In this study, the performance of an urban massive MIMO network, where rooftop propagation is dominant, is investigated by means of a bidirectional ray-tracing algorithm [7,8]. Ray launching is performed from both transmitter and receiver sites and the rays are captured on an interaction surface.…”

Simulation of Radio Signal Propagation for UHF RFID Technology in an Indoor Environment Using Ray Tracing (Graphics) Method

“…RFID applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Practical use RFID implementation [9][10][11][12] Difficulties of UHF RFID implementation Empirical methods [16,17] Inaccuracy is increased with specific forms of the environment (e.g., corridors) Deterministic methods [18][19][20]31] Computationally demanding depending on the number of walls and obstacles Ray tracing (physics) [15,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]32,33] Calculation time increases with an increasing number of rays, inaccuracy in the calculation may occur due to the different number of incident rays Commercially available SW [21,22,[34][35][36][37] Some of the frequently used tools…”

“…The limitations of this method are mainly the number of rays emitted and the size of the surfaces on which the rays hit and on which the resulting intensity is subsequently calculated and correlated. In the first case, the calculation time increases with an increasing number of rays, and in the second case, inaccuracy in the calculation may occur due to the different number of incident rays [33].…”