A gauge theory of pions interacting with rho-mesons at elevated temperatures is used to calculate the pressure in a hot pion gas. No reference is made to the pion's status as a QCD Goldstone boson. The role of the pion is merely that of a carrier of an SU(2) symmetry, gauged to create a vector-meson interaction, the rho playing the role of the interacting vector particle. The results are in rough agreement with much more elaborate calculations, both of the purely hadronic variety, and those that invoke quark-gluon degrees of freedom. The quark-gluon and purely hadronic calculations seemingly lead to very similar predictions which are in accord with receent data from RHIC. The results motivate the question as to whether the two descriptions are dual to each other in the sense of being alternate models, each sufficient to explain the observed data.
INTRODUCTIONExperimental groups at RHIC have recently summarized their results from three years of measurements on gold-gold collisions with center-of-mass energies per nucleon pair of 130 and 200 GeV. I shall focus, for definiteness, on results from the 200 GeV per nucleon pair runs reported by the PHENIX experiment [1].Heavy ion collisions, even before the RHIC experiments, were found to produce clouds of hundreds of particles, with a predominance of pions, per collision [2]. One can imagine that, in accordance with Bjorken's description [3], the colliding ions pass through each other like porous pancakes and vanish down the beampipe, leaving behind a fireball of pions and other hadrons. Like-pion correlation measurements at RHIC reported in reference [1] (Section 3.4) suggest that the fireball has about the size of a gold nucleus (radius ≈ 6 fm. There are about 1000 pions per unit rapidity produced in a central collision of gold nuclei with √ s N N = 200 GeV at RHIC [4], leading to an estimated pion density in the fireball of about 2 f m −3 . These fireballs are a new form of matter (characterized by Shuryak [5] as "the pion liquid" -partially in recognition of the high density of particles in the clouds).A task for the theorist, faced with the ephemeral presence of this rare form of matter, is to obtain its equation of state and investigate its observable properties. A number of authors have attacked various aspects of this task during the past several decades, see e.g.