Compressive properties of Ti6Al4V Functionally Graded Lattice Structures via topology optimization design and selective laser melting fabrication

Xu, Yanhua; Huang, Guoqin; Li, Tingting; Tan, Yuanqiang; Bao, Tengfei

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.144265

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The mechanical testing results are consistent with previous studies using the same material (Ti64) with similar volume fractions [15,55,56]. When comparing the mechanical behavior of graded lattices, Xiao and Song also found in their study that step-wise grading is not significantly different from continuous grading [19], which supports the conclusion of this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…For uniform and linearly graded struts, the percentage increase in area decreases as the design strut diameter increases, indicating the possibility of a fixed increase in strut width. This can result from overhang structures commonly found in SLM-manufactured lattices [15]. Another possibility is that since the deviations in measured diameters are in the same order of magnitude as the printing layer thickness, the minimum feature size may be approaching the minimum printing resolution of the SLM process that was used (30 µm), causing the struts to have larger widths by about twice the printing resolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This feature is particularly desirable for designing and manufacturing human bone implants because of the tunable material properties of the implants, made possible by functionally graded lattices (FGLs) [10]. Implants that incorporate FGLs can closely match bone properties [11], including bone stiffness [12] and anisotropy [13], while also maintaining their biocompatibility [14,15]. Mimicking bone properties addresses the challenge of stress shielding, where the implant's stiffness exceeds that of the bone, leading to potential implant loosening and bone resorption [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Discrete-Grading-Induced Discontinuities on the Material Properties of Functionally Graded Ti-6Al-4V Lattices

Ye,

Babazadeh-Naseri,

Higgs III

et al. 2024

Materials

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In this study, we compared the material properties of linearly and sharply graded Ti6Al4V additively manufactured samples to investigate whether the more severe discontinuities caused by sharp grading can reduce performance. We performed compression testing with digital image correlation (DIC) in two loading directions for each grading design to simulate iso-stress and iso-strain conditions. We extracted the elastic stiffness, yield strength, yield strain, and energy absorption capacity of each sample. In addition, we used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging to examine the printing quality and dimensional accuracy. We found that sharply graded struts have a 12.95% increase in strut cross-sectional areas, whereas linearly graded struts produced an average of 49.24% increase compared to design. However, sharply graded and linearly graded FGL samples do not have statistically significant differences in elastic stiffness and yield strength. For the iso-strain condition, the average DIC-corrected stiffnesses for linearly and sharply graded samples were 6.15 GPa and 5.43 GPa, respectively (p = 0.4466), and the yield stresses were 290.4 MPa and 291.2 MPa, respectively (p = 0.5734). Furthermore, we confirmed different types of printing defects using micro-CT, including defective pores and disconnected struts. These results suggest that the loss of material properties caused by manufacturing defects outweighs the adverse effects of discrete-grading-induced discontinuities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Discrete-Grading-Induced Discontinuities on the Material Properties of Functionally Graded Ti-6Al-4V Lattices

Ye,

Babazadeh-Naseri,

Higgs III

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…However, this model cannot accurately predict the mechanical properties of FGLSs with a density gradient along the loading direction. A similar conclusion was reported by Xu and Zhong et al [ 24 , 25 ]. Moreover, once the difference between the first layer and last layer of RD value expands to 0.1, the deviation of predicted and experimental properties would surpass 10% [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Typically, three deformation regions of porous materials can be seen: the linear elastic stage, the yield plastic deformation stage, and the densification stage. According to the Gibson-Ashby theory [ 24 ], the compressive stress-strain curves for metallic porous materials may obey the law of elastic-plastic foam, which has a yield plastic deformation stage. Specially, the stress-strain curves of all specimens here presented a yield plastic deformation stage with a certain dip angle, which was defined as the law of elastomeric foam (e.g., foam rubber).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties Evaluations of Topology Optimized Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

Han

Huang

et al. 2023

Materials

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Owning to their lightweight characteristic and high performance, functionally graded lattice structures (FGLSs) show great potential in orthopedics, automotive industries and aerospace applications. Here, two types of uniform lattice structures (ULSs) with RD = 0.50 and 0.20, and two types of FGLSs with RD = 0.30–0.50 and RD = 0.20–0.40, were designed by topology optimization and fabricated by SLM technology. Subsequently, their surface morphology, compressive deformation behavior and energy absorption abilities were evaluated by use of the finite element method (FEM) and compression tests. From these results, both elastic modulus and yield strength of specimens decreased with the lowering of the RD value. ULSs had a uniform deformation behavior with bending and bulking of struts, while FGLSs presented a mixed deformation behavior of different layers. Additionally, the energy absorption capability (Wv) of specimens was proportional to the RD value. When the value of RD increased from 0.20 to 0.50, the Wv of specimens increased from 0.3657 to 1.7469 MJ/m3. Furthermore, mathematical models were established successfully to predict the mechanical properties of FGLSs with percentage deviations < 10%. This work provides a comprehensive understanding regarding how to design and manufacture FGLSs with the properties desired for satisfying the demand of different application scenarios.

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Mechanical Response of Gradient Lattice Structures Based on Topology Optimization

Cheng,

Zhao,

Mao

et al. 2024

Adv Eng Mater

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Lattice structure has the characteristics of lightweight, crashworthy, and better energy absorption capabilities. With the advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, preparing complex lattice structures has become possible. In this study, some novel lattice structures are designed by topology optimization (TO) based on the inspiration of the triply periodic minimum surface (TPMS) lattice structures. The different volume fraction lattice structures are combined into four gradient lattice structures (GLSs): unidirectional GLS (UNGLS), bidirectional increasing GLS (BIGLS), bidirectional decreasing GLS (BDGLS), and none GLS (NOGLS). Subsequently, selective laser melting (SLM) is employed to manufacture the designed lattice structures. Experiments and finite element (FE) simulation analysis are utilized to evaluate the mechanical performance and collapse patterns of lattice structures. The results show that NOGLS has a higher modulus of elasticity and greater load‐bearing capacity for the same relative density. Furthermore, the energy‐absorbing properties of the dot‐matrix structure are significantly improved by a rational density design strategy. This work is valuable for improving the energy absorption performance of structures.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Compressive properties of Ti6Al4V Functionally Graded Lattice Structures via topology optimization design and selective laser melting fabrication

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Discrete-Grading-Induced Discontinuities on the Material Properties of Functionally Graded Ti-6Al-4V Lattices

Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Discrete-Grading-Induced Discontinuities on the Material Properties of Functionally Graded Ti-6Al-4V Lattices

Properties Evaluations of Topology Optimized Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

Mechanical Response of Gradient Lattice Structures Based on Topology Optimization

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