“…The compressive performance of the DSCWs is simulated by the general finite element package ABAQUS [30], and the implicit solver is used for the analysis solutions. To improve the accuracy of the FEM, the different components of the DSCW reported in [7,8,9], e.g., sandwiched concrete, steel LVDT plate, loading/end plates and stiffeners, were modelled in detail. The geometric dimensions, mesh, material model, modelling of the connectors, steel-concrete interactions, loading and boundary conditions of the FEM are described in the following sections.…”