Compression tests of Fusarium graminearum ascocarps provide insights into the strength of the perithecial wall and the quantity of ascospores

Abstract

The plant pathogenic ascomycete Fusarium graminearum produces perithecia on corn and small grain residues. These perithecia forcibly discharge ascospores into the atmosphere. Little is known about the relationship among the strength of the perithecial wall, the age of the perithecium, and the quantity of ascospores produced. We used a mechanical compression testing instrument to examine the structural failure rate of perithecial walls from three different strains of F. graminearum (two wild type strains, and a mutant strain unable to produce asci). The force required to compress a perithecium by one micrometer (the mean perithecium compression constant, MPCC) was used to determine the strength of the perithecial wall. Over the course of perithecial maturation (5-12days after the initiation of perithecial development), the MPCC was compared to the number of ascospores contained inside the perithecia. The MPCC increased as perithecia matured, from 0.06Nμm at 5d to 0.12Nμm at 12d. The highest number of ascospores was found in older perithecia (12d). The results indicated that for every additional day of perithecial aging, the perithecia become more resilient to compression forces. Every additional day of perithecial aging resulted in ∼900 more ascospores. Knowledge of how perithecia respond to external forces may provide insight into the development of ascospores and the accumulation of turgor pressure. In the future, compression testing may provide a unique method of determining perithecial age in the field, which could extend to management practices that are informed by knowledge of ascospore release and dispersal.

Advances in Understanding Fusarium graminearum: Genes Involved in the Regulation of Sexual Development, Pathogenesis, and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis

“…The release of ascospores is driven by the turgor pressure created through ion fluxes, particularly potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+), along with the buildup of mannitol [64]. High humidity levels and low air temperatures have been proven to be linked to ascospore discharge [65]. Apart from physiological factors, certain genes are also closely related to the discharge of ascospores (Supplementary Table S1).…”