Compression studies in the human thoracolumbar spine

A New Biofidelic Sagittal Plane Surrogate Neck for Head-First Impacts

“…In the cadaver experiments a first mode arises from deceleration of the head with no concurrent loading at the lower neck, whereas the second mode is largely due to torso deceleration and results in approximately equal load at the head and lower neck. For these reasons investigators at the Medical College of Wisconsin have criticized the use of the Hybrid III neck to make conclusions on neck injury outcomes in head-first impacts and this remains an important issue in the automotive safety engineering community, especially in the context of rollover injuries (Sances and Kumaresan 2001;Sances et al 1986;Yoganandan et al 1989). …”