Silver(I) hexacyanocobaltate(III), Ag3[Co(CN)6], shows a large negative linear compressibility (NLC, linear expansion under hydrostatic pressure) at ambient temperature at all pressures up to our experimental limit of 7.65(2) GPa. This behavior is qualitatively unaffected by a transition at 0.19 GPa to a new phase Ag 3[Co(CN)6]-II, whose structure is reported here. The high-pressure phase also shows anisotropic thermal expansion with large uniaxial negative thermal expansion (NTE, expansion on cooling). In both phases, the NLC/NTE effect arises as the rapid compression/contraction of layers of silver atoms-weakly bound via argentophilic interactions-is translated via flexing of the covalent network lattice into an expansion along a perpendicular direction. It is proposed that framework materials that contract along a specific direction on heating while expanding macroscopically will, in general, also expand along the same direction under hydrostatic pressure while contracting macroscopically.negative linear compression ͉ negative thermal expansion ͉ high-pressure ͉ framework materials ͉ flexibility N egative linear compressibility (NLC), whereby a material expands along a specific direction on increasing hydrostatic pressure, is a very unusual effect. Indeed in a study of elastic constant data from 500 noncubic crystal phases, only 13 displayed NLC, and of those, 11 structures were of monoclinic or lower symmetry (1). Despite its rarity, NLC is a highly attractive mechanical property, with a key application being the development of effectively incompressible optical materials (1, 2). Such materials could be used in high-pressure environments, such as in optical telecommunications devices that must function at deep-sea pressures Ͼ1,000 atm. NLC also offers a means of producing ultrasensitive pressure detectors, such as interferometric optical sensors for sonar and aircraft altitude measurements. The effect is also often coupled to so-called ''auxetic'' behavior, which is itself being used to improve shock resistance in, e.g., body armor (3).Of the few known examples among inorganic materials, the most pronounced NLC effects have been reported for LaNbO 4 (4), elemental Se (5), the BXO 4 (X ϭ P, As) family (6), and the spin-Peierls compound ␣Ј-NaV 2 O 5 (7). In some other cases, transient NLC behavior may occur only at pressures just above a strain-induced phase transition to a structure of lower symmetry (e.g., refs. 8 and 9), or as a result of an uptake of additional interstitial molecules (10, 11).One fundamental barrier to the practical application of NLC is that its magnitude is generally much smaller than the ''normal'' (positive) compressibilities of standard materials.* By convention, linear compressibility is defined as the relative rate at which a given dimension ᐉ decreases with pressure (at constant temperature): K ᐉ ϭ Ϫ(Ѩlnᐉ/Ѩp) T . Typical values for crystalline materials lie in the range K ᐉ Ӎ 5-20 TPa Ϫ1 (12) (i.e., their linear dimensions decrease by Ϸ1% for each GPa increase in pressure). In cont...