Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of substituted and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic compounds in environmental samples

Idowu, Ifeoluwa; Johnson, Wesley A.; Francisco, Olga; Obal, Terry; Märvin, Chris H.; Thomas, Philippe J.; Sandau, Courtney D.; Stetefeld, Jörg; Tomy, Gregg T.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.030

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…To date, GC × GC and GC × GC–mass spectrometry (GC × GC–MS) have been most widely employed for the analysis of fossil fuels and their related products. − Recently however, the technique is receiving increased attention as a tool that can be applied to address the separation and compound identification challenges associated with inherently complex mixtures which, by 1-D GC analysis, are characterized by the presence of numerous coeluting compounds whose concentration ratios may differ by several orders of magnitude. Examples include the metabolomes of plants and insects, , the small-molecule profiles of foods, − and biological materials such as urine, − blood, , and tissues .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipid-Rich Biological Matrices─Application to Human Cerumen (Earwax)

et al. 2021

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Earwax is a readily accessible biological matrix that has the potential to be used in disease diagnostics. However, its semisolid nature and high chemical complexity have hampered efforts to investigate its potential to reveal disease markers. This is because more conventional methods of analysis such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry yield unsatisfactory results due to the presence of many nonvolatile and/or coeluting compounds, which in some cases have very similar mass spectrometric profiles. In addition, these routine methods often require the sample to be saponified, which dramatically increases the complexity of the analysis and makes it difficult to determine which compounds are actually present versus those that are produced by saponification. In this study, two-dimensional GC mass spectrometry (GC × GC–MS) was successfully applied for the characterization of the chemical components of earwax from healthy donors using nonpolar (primary) and midpolar (secondary) columns without saponification. Over 35 of the compounds that were identified are reported for the first time to be detected in unsaponified earwax. The resulting GC × GC–MS contour plots revealed visually recognizable compound class clusters of previously reported groups including alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, esters, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters, as well as cholesterol and squalene. The application of GC × GC–MS revealed results that provide a foundation upon which future studies aimed at comparing healthy donor earwax to that from individuals exhibiting various disease states can be accomplished.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipid-Rich Biological Matrices─Application to Human Cerumen (Earwax)

et al. 2021

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“…Therefore, focusing only on the 16 EPA PAHs means that many toxic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are neglected, which can result in gross underestimation of the toxic potential of PM . Many PACs, such as high molecular weight PAHs (MW > 300), , alkylated PAHs (APAHs), , and PAHs containing heteroatoms, may have higher toxicities and distinguish pollution sources more confidently than the 16 EPA PAHs . Consequently, further research is needed to identify multiple PACs for monitoring and to determine their toxicities to improve the accuracy of environmental and health risk assessments and improve prevention and control of particulate pollution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that combination of APPI with FT-ICR MS is suitable for the analysis of PAHs in aerosols. ,, Although FT-ICR MS is a powerful tool to determine elemental compositions, to improve the accuracy of any risk assessment, the structures of compounds need to be further confirmed by chromatography to distinguish between isomers that could differ in toxicity. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) provides enhanced peak capacity compared with one-dimensional-GC, , which improves the separation of analytes of interest. , GC × GC could be coupled with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) to improve the mass resolution, increase the sensitivity, and reduce matrix interference . Comprehensive GC × GC coupled with TOF MS has been applied to enhance the separation and analysis of multiple PACs in environmental samples, , and to the separation of aromatic compounds in unresolved complex mixtures in biological samples .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontarget Screening of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Chi

Gao

Zheng

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic. 16 PAHs as priority pollutants listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency were usually monitored. Therefore, multiple potentially toxic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are not monitored. In this study, atmospheric particulate matter samples from Beijing were analyzed using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight (GC × GC-TOF) mass spectrometry. The FT-ICR data detected high molecular weight PAHs, alkylated PAHs (APAHs) and heteroatom PAHs. The GC × GC-TOF data tentatively identified 386 PACs in five categories of identification confidence. Twenty-one spectra in the unknown class were manually resolved. Eighty-two PACs with high identification confidence were proposed for further research. The identities of five PAHs and five APAHs that are currently not regulated were confirmed using available standards and quantified in some samples. Some of these PACs, such as dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (C22H14) and 1-methylpyrene (C17H12), should be of concern because of their contamination levels and the high toxicities of themselves and/or their derivatives. This study highlights the possibility of expanding the traditional lists of PAHs to improve pollution control and risk assessment accuracy.

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“…This concentration range was selected based on reported DBT levels in biota. DBT levels in tissues from mammals that died as a result of exposure to crude oil following the Exxon Valdez spill range from approximately 4 to 10 nM (Ballachey & Kloecker, 1997), and concentrations in molluscs and river otters collected near the sites of active bitumen extraction in Northern Alberta ranged from 0.01–1 nM (Idowu et al, 2018; Thomas, 2020). After 48 h, media were collected and stored at −80°C for steroid analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dibenzothiophene, a sulfur‐containing heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and its alkylated congener, 2,4,7‐trimethyldibenzothiophene, on placental trophoblast cell function

Raez-Villanueva

Perono

Jamshed

et al. 2020

J of Applied Toxicology

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Worldwide demand for petroleum products has resulted in increased oil and gas activities in many countries. Conventional and unconventional oil and gas extraction, production, and transport lead to increased levels of petroleum‐derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment. PAH exposure has profound effects on reproduction by affecting pathways involved in placental trophoblast cell function and impairing normal placental development and function—key contributors to reproductive success. However, other components found in petroleum and wastewaters from oil and gas extraction, including the sulfur‐containing heterocyclic aromatic compounds such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its alkylated derivatives, may also impact reproductive success. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of exposure to DBT, a compound commonly detected in the environment, and one of its alkylated analogues, 2,4,7‐trimethyldibenzothiophene (2,4,7‐DBT), on steroidogenic and angiogenic pathways critical for mammalian development in placental trophoblast cells (HTR‐8/SVneo cells). 2,4,7‐DBT but not DBT increased estradiol output in association with increased tube‐like formation (surrogate for angiogenesis). These changes in angiogenesis did not appear to be related to altered expression of the key placental angiogenic gene targets (ANGPTL4, VEGFA, and PGF). Neither compound showed a concentration related effect on progesterone synthesis or its receptor expression. Our results suggest that 2,4,7‐DBT can disrupt key pathways important for placental trophoblast function and highlight the importance of determining the impact of exposure to both parent and alkylated compounds. Further, these data suggest that exposure to sulfur‐containing heterocyclic aromatic compounds may lead to placental dysfunction and impact reproductive success at environmentally relevant levels.

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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of substituted and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic compounds in environmental samples

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipid-Rich Biological Matrices─Application to Human Cerumen (Earwax)

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Lipid-Rich Biological Matrices─Application to Human Cerumen (Earwax)

Nontarget Screening of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Effects of dibenzothiophene, a sulfur‐containing heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and its alkylated congener, 2,4,7‐trimethyldibenzothiophene, on placental trophoblast cell function

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