Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of synthetic and crude-derived jet fuels

Westhuizen, Rina van der; Ajam, Mariam; Coning, Piet de; Beens, Jan; Villiers, André de; Sandra, Pat

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.009

Cited by 84 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, this concept is not properly applicable to saturated hydrocarbons, as steric effects dominate polarity. In fact, as shown by Vendeuvre et al (2004), van der Westhuizen et al (2010van der Westhuizen et al ( , 2011 and Biedermann et al (2014), the reverse configuration is preferable for the analysis of the MOSH, i.e. a first separation on a polar stationary phase and a second on a non-polar one.…”

Section: Selectivity Of the Gcxgc System Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation and toxicity of mineral oil hydrocarbons in rats ‐ specificity of different subclasses of a broad mixture relevant for human dietary exposures

Cravedi¹,

Grob²,

Nygaard

et al. 2017

EFSA Supporting Publications

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the fate and effects of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in female Fischer 344 rats. Animals were fed control diet or diet containing various MOSH mixtures at concentrations ranging from 40 to 4000 mg/kg feed for up to 120 days. MOSH were analysed in liver, spleen, adipose tissue and remaining carcass at different sampling times. In addition to clinical effects, liver microgranulomas, hepatic inflammation, and disruption of the immune function were the main toxicological endpoints investigated. Arthritis symptoms were specifically studied in dark agouti rats. The results indicate that accumulation of MOSH depends on the mixture tested but always occurred predominantly in the liver and to a lesser extent in adipose tissue and spleen. Strong differences exist between liver and adipose tissue in terms of accumulated hydrocarbons: whereas in adipose tissue the accumulated fraction corresponds to the most volatile part of the administered mixture, in the liver, the most volatile as well as the highest boiling part of the mixture are almost absent. Also the types of hydrocarbons differ. When exposure ceases, a significant decrease of MOSH concentration was observed in the liver, but not in adipose tissue. MOSH exposure results in a significant increase in absolute and relative liver weights, the effect being dose-related, but also dependent on the mixture tested. There were large differences in the ability of the different mixtures to induce liver granulomas. The highest incidence was observed with the mixture containing the highest proportion of n-alkanes, suggesting that this fraction could play a significant role in the development of hepatic granulomas. No effects were found on the immune function, irrespective of the mixture or the dose tested.

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Section: Selectivity Of the Gcxgc System Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation and toxicity of mineral oil hydrocarbons in rats ‐ specificity of different subclasses of a broad mixture relevant for human dietary exposures

Cravedi¹,

Grob²,

Nygaard

et al. 2017

EFSA Supporting Publications

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“…The HTFT product is often used to produce pure solvents such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, etc. After hydrogenation the hydrocarbon fraction is used as fuels (Kreutz et al, 2008;van der Westhuizen et al, 2011).…”

Section: Synthetic Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food

2012

EFS2

102

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Consumers are exposed to a range of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) via food. Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) consist of linear and branched alkanes, and alkyl-substituted cyclo-alkanes, whilst mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) include mainly alkyl-substituted polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Products, commonly specified according to their physico-chemical properties, may differ in chemical composition depending on the oil source. Technical grade MOH contain 15 -35 % MOAH, which is minimised in food grade MOSH (white oils). Major sources of MOH in food are food packaging and additives, processing aids, and lubricants. Estimated MOSH exposure ranged from 0.03 to 0.3 mg/kg b.w. per day, with higher exposure in children. Specific production practices of bread and grains may provide additional MOSH exposure. Except for white oils, exposure to MOAH is about 20 % of that of MOSH. Absorption of alkanes with carbon number above C 35 is negligible. Branched and cyclic alkanes are less efficiently oxidised than n-alkanes. MOSH from C 16 to C 35 may accumulate and cause microgranulomas in several tissues including lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Hepatic microgranulomas associated with inflammation in Fischer 344 rats were considered the critical effect. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for induction of liver microgranulomas by the most potent MOSH, 19 mg/kg b.w. per day, was used as a Reference Point for calculating margins of exposure (MOEs) for background MOSH exposure. MOEs ranged from 59 to 680. Hence, background exposure to MOSH via food in 1 On request from the European Commission, Question No EFSA-Q-2010-00170, adopted on 3 May 2012. 2 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in Food. Mineral oil hydrocarbons occur in food both as a result of contamination and from various intentional uses in food production. In order to assess the need for possible regulatory measures as regards MOH in food, EFSA was requested to assess the risks related to their occurrence in food. More specifically, the opinion should evaluate whether new toxicity data are available and whether the current acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) are still applicable, explore whether certain classes (or subclasses) of MOH are more relevant due to their toxicity or to differences in the way they are metabolised by the human body, and identify the different background sources, other than from adulteration or misuse, of MOH occurrence in food. In addition a dietary exposure assessment was requested for the general population and for specific subgroups of the population (e.g. infants, children and people following specific diets), by taking into account the background occurrence of MOH in food. Included in the request was also to advise on MOH and food classes to be included if monitoring were to be set up for their presence in food.The scientific literature and other sources were s...

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“…A programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) injector (Gerstel, Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany) was used on this system. In previous studies the advantages of a polar × non-polar column set (in contrast to the more common non-polar × polar column set) for the analysis of Fischer-Tropsch oil products were described [16,17] …”

Section: Gc×gc Methodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another advantage of GC×GC is the increase in sensitivity (up to 10 fold) compared to 1D GC because of the re-concentration of peaks in the modulator and the very fast separation achieved in the second dimension column that minimizes peak broadening and effectively increases the signal-to-noise ratio [11,12]. The application of GC×GC to the analysis of highly complex petrochemical mixtures has been described by a number of authors [12][13][14][15][16][17]. Even with the huge increase in separation power obtained by comprehensive GC, peak co-elution still occurs when very complex mixtures are analyzed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyphenation of supercritical fluid chromatography and two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for group type separations

Potgieter¹,

Westhuizen²,

Rohwer³

et al. 2013

Journal of Chromatography A

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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of synthetic and crude-derived jet fuels

Cited by 84 publications

References 22 publications

Bioaccumulation and toxicity of mineral oil hydrocarbons in rats ‐ specificity of different subclasses of a broad mixture relevant for human dietary exposures

Bioaccumulation and toxicity of mineral oil hydrocarbons in rats ‐ specificity of different subclasses of a broad mixture relevant for human dietary exposures

Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food

Hyphenation of supercritical fluid chromatography and two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for group type separations

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