Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography applied to the analysis of complex mixtures

Abstract

Abstract. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography is applicable to the analysis of complex petroleum mixtures. A kerosene sample analyzed by this method generates over six thousand chromatographic peaks. The chromatogram is orthogonal such that the second dimension separation is independent of the first. Aliphatics, aromatics, and naphthalene derivatives form distinct bands of peaks on the chromatographic plane with further subdivisions within each band based on chemical structure. With a nonpolar first column and a moderately polar second column, the first dimension separation is based largely on substance volatility while the second dimension separation is based on polarity. Each chromatographic peak has a pair of characteristic retention times, providing a more reliable identification. Peak capacity is much greater than that obtainable from any one-dimensional separation.

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Electron-Impact Mass Spectrometry with Cryofocusing for Simultaneous Quantification of MDMA, MDA, HMMA, HMA, and MDEA in Human Plasma

“…Although 2-dimensional GC/MS was first developed nearly 50 years ago (19 ), forensic toxicology applications began only recently (20 -24 ). The advantage of 2D-GC/MS is a high degree of chromatographic resolution (25 ).…”

Theory and Practice of UHPLC and UHPLC–MS

“…The described procedure prevented breakthrough of analytes in the modulator. Although the results obtained with the primordial modulator were outstanding (Liu and Phillips, 1994;Phillips and Xu, 1995;Venkatramani and Phillips, 1993), the device was also characterized by low run-to-run repeatability and by excessive fragility.…”

“…As can be seen, all three options present both advantages and disadvantages. A further solution to the "gas-velocity" problem was reported by the inventor of GC Â GC (et al), in initial publications (Liu and Phillips, 1991;Venkatramani and Phillips, 1993): specifically, a splitter was used to divert part of the secondary column flow to waste. Such an analytical option was discarded in later papers; however, in 2007 Tranchida et al described a method defined as split-flow GC Â GC (Tranchida et al, 2007a).…”

Caracterização de amostras petroquímicas e derivados utilizando cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente (GCxGC)

“…A 1D-GC não é capaz de separar uma mistura com tantos compostos e técnicas hifenizadas sofisticadas, como HPLC -CG (HPLC, "High Performance Liquid Chromatography", Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência), não conseguem realizar a separação das frações saturadas de aromáticos mono-e bicíclicos 43 . Em 1993, Venkatramani e colaboradores 42 realizaram a primeira separação de uma amostra de querosene por GCxGC-FID, obtendo mais de 600 picos e identificando as classes de compostos separadas. Mais tarde, Beens e colaboradores 20 realizaram a caracterização de querosenes por GCxGC-FID, utilizando o sistema descrito anteriormente.…”

“…Posteriormente, são referidas as análises de etapas do processamento do petróleo bruto, os avanços nas análises de biomarcadores e, por fim, aplicações envolvendo poluentes ambientais provenientes de petróleo e seus derivados em amostras de ar, água e solo. Dentre as principais aplicações da GCxGC a amostras petroquímicas estão as análises de gasolina 13,14,18,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] , combustíveis para jatos 22,31 , gasóleo leve 19,32 , óleo diesel 27,[33][34][35][36][37][38] , óleo bruto 20,[39][40][41] , solventes hidrocarbonetos não aromáticos 20 , querosene 15,20,28,32,42,43 , óleos de lavagem 44 , biomarcadores 40,[45][46][47] , poluentes ambientais em ar 10,16,26,34,41,45,[47]…”