Comprehensive Security and LGBTQ Rights

Russia’s Spiritual Security Doctrine as a Challenge to European Comprehensive Security Approaches

“…Comprehensive global security rests on respect for human rights. The approach was radically innovative and presented an alternative to an older, competing understanding of human rights and national security, according to which there is bound to be a tradeoff between individual rights and national (collective) security (see Fattori 2022;Palazzo 2022). In fact, it was precisely in these latter terms that the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian government discussed freedom of religion or belief at exactly the same time, from the mid-1990s until 2000: in 1997, Russia implemented a law that severely restricted religious freedom in the country, and in 2000, Russia's national security strategy justified restrictions to religious freedom in terms of spiritual and moral values.…”