Comprehensive review on recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

A green strategy for recycling cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using glutathione

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have good cycling performance, high specific capacity, and good safety, and are widely used in various electronic products, electric vehicles, aerospace, and other fields. 1 With the increasing use and elimination of LIBs annually, an increasing number of spent LIBs are produced. 2 Spent LIBs contain toxic metal components (e.g., cobalt and manganese) and numerous organic substances (e.g., adhesives and electrolytes), which cause serious environmental pollution problems.…”

Combined pyro-hydrometallurgical technology for recovering valuable metal elements from spent lithium-ion batteries: a review of recent developments

“…However, the pyrometallurgical process has the disadvantages of high energy consumption, low purity of the obtained valuable metals, and the production of secondary pollutant gases such as dioxins and furans. 27 Most impor-Fig. 1 (a) Share of installations of various electrochemical energy storage technologies in 2019.…”

An enhanced strategy based on the pyrolysis of bean dregs for efficient selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries

“…21 To avoid this supply crisis, at least 90 wt% of Li in the spent LIBs needs to be recycled. 22–25 However, the recovery efficiencies of Li obtained by the current recovery strategies are still at a low level, and further improvements must be achieved.…”