Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products

Bacha, Syed Asim Shah; Li, Yinping; Nie, Jun; Xu, Gelin; Han, Lingxi; Farooq, Saqib

doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1139757

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 313 publications

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“…Patulin has attracted global attention because of the health risks it exacerbates. Indeed, this mycotoxin has mutagenic, neurotoxic, immunotoxic, genotoxic, and gastrointestinal effects in humans and animals [ 25 ]. Another secondary metabolite detected in our research was roquefortine C. This toxin was produced by 12 Penicillium species, including P. commune (3 strains), P. solitum , P. chrysogenum (2 strains), P. lanosocoeruleum (2 strains), and P. allii and Penicillium sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Mycotoxins and Cytotoxicity of Airborne Molds Isolated from the Zoological Garden—Screening Research

Plewa-Tutaj,

Twarużek,

Kosicki

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Objective: The objective of this paper was to assess the airborne mold contamination, secondary metabolite profiles, and cytotoxicity of the dominant fungal species isolated from the air in selected rooms at a Zoological Garden. Materials and methods: Fungal concentrations were measured with MAS-100 air samplers. The collected airborne fungi were identified using a combination of morphological and molecular methods. The cytotoxicity of 84 strains belonging to two Penicillium and Aspergillus genera was determined using the quantitative colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium salt) assay. The mycotoxins were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a mass spectrometry detector. Results: The ITS gene was amplified and sequenced to identify the 132 species. For mycotoxicological and cytotoxicity analyses, 52 Penicillium isolates and 32 Aspergillus representatives were selected. Cytotoxicity was confirmed in 97.6% of cases analyzed. Using the LC-MS/MS method, 42 out of 84 strains produced at least one of the following toxins: ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, patulin, gliotoxin, roquefortine C, griseofulvin, sterigmatocystin, fumonisin B2, moniliformin, and mycophenolic acid. Conclusions: Analytical methods for assessing the presence of mycotoxins in fungal isolates collected directly from the air have proven to be an effective tool. Our research provides new information on the occurrence of potentially toxin-producing molds within a zoo.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Mycotoxins and Cytotoxicity of Airborne Molds Isolated from the Zoological Garden—Screening Research

Plewa-Tutaj,

Twarużek,

Kosicki

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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“…Yang et al [29] found that patulin was also detected in the tissue of citrus blue mold caused by P. digitatum. Bacha et al [30] found that the most common toxin in fruits and their derivatives is patulin produced by penicillium species. Patulin can also interact with other compounds in food and is responsible for the presence of patulin in rotten apples and apple products such as fruit juices, jams, and cider.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of Pathogens Causing Blue Mold of Lanzhou Lily during Postharvest Storage and Control of Disease and Mycotoxin Accumulation by Ozone Treatment

Zhang,

Xi,

Liu

et al. 2023

JoF

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Blue mold (penicilliosis) is a common disease of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. willmottiae) during postharvest storage, which not only seriously affects the appearance and reduces the quality of lily bulbs, but also leads to the accumulation of mycotoxins in rotten lily tissues, seriously endangering human health. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the main isolates causing postharvest blue mold of fresh Lanzhou lily and put forward effective measures to control the disease caused by these pathogens. In this study, pathogens were isolated and purified from the naturally diseased blue-mold tissue of Lanzhou lily, and then morphological and molecular biology techniques were applied to identify the isolates, verify the pathogenicity, determine the disease index and disease incidence, and finally, to analyze the control effect of ozone treatment on the blue mold of lily scale and mycotoxin accumulation. The results indicated that the main isolates causing postharvest blue mold of lily were Talaromyces adpressus, Penicillium gladioli, T. calidominioluteus, and P. polonicum. The pathogenicity test showed that P. gladioli and P. polonicum had a higher disease index than T. calidominioluteus and T. adpressus. Ozone treatment significantly reduced the incidence of disease caused by P. gladioli and P. polonicum, and effectively controlled the accumulation of patulin. This study characterized the main pathogens causing blue mold of postharvest Lanzhou lily during storage, and confirmed ozone application has a significant inhibitory effect on blue mold development and patulin accumulation in Lanzhou lily, which could be helpful in commercially controlling blue mold of postharvest Lanzhou lily during storage.

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“…It can also lead to renal tumors, Balkan endemic nephropathy, and chronic interstitial nephropathy . Patulin is produced by Penicillium , Aspergillus , and Byssochlamys , while alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) are Alternaria toxins, produced by fungi of the Alternaria genus found in fruits and related products …”

Section: Recent Advancements In Food Toxin Detection Using Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry

Ahuja,

Singh,

Paul

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.

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Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products

Cited by 31 publications

References 313 publications

Analysis of Mycotoxins and Cytotoxicity of Airborne Molds Isolated from the Zoological Garden—Screening Research

Analysis of Mycotoxins and Cytotoxicity of Airborne Molds Isolated from the Zoological Garden—Screening Research

Isolation and Identification of Pathogens Causing Blue Mold of Lanzhou Lily during Postharvest Storage and Control of Disease and Mycotoxin Accumulation by Ozone Treatment

Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry

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