Comprehensive review on hierarchical control of cyber‐physical microgrid system

Abstract

A microgrid (MG) is a cyber-physical system that facilitates integration of several distributed renewable energy resources. In the last decade, several efforts were made to standardise the framework of a cyber-physical MG network and its control structure. In this perspective, various studies discussing the different control techniques are reported in the literature. However, a comprehensive and systematic review of a cyber-physical MG is discussed rarely. In this study, a comprehensive review of a MG architecture and hierarchical control structure in both islanded and grid-connected modes are presented. The hierarchical control of the MG includes primary, secondary, and tertiary control. Recent studies provide significant opportunities in dividing the control task among various layers resulting in a distributed framework. This study analyses the cyber and physical networks separately while discussing the primary, centralised, and distributed secondary control levels with their merits, demerits, and typical applications. A Venn diagram analysis is also presented that clearly distinguishes the primary control scheme in different research sub-areas. Furthermore, the MG communication structure, protocols, design, constraints, and cyber security are also reviewed systematically. Finally, future trends are summarised based on the state-of-the-art MG research. 1.1 Comparison with existing review articles Unlike the existing review articles in the literature [6, 9, 32-35], this paper gives a detailed hierarchical control structure with primary, secondary, and tertiary control levels along with a detailed discussion on communication constraints in a cyber-physical MG network. The state-of-the-art review presented in [6] discusses the issues concerning MGs and provides an account of research in areas related to MG, i.e. DG, applications of power electronics, economic issues, MG operation and control, MG clusters, and protection and communication issues. However, the discussion is limited to the overall introduction and does not provide deep insight and comparison on the control schemes at different levels and communication constraints as the one presented in this work.

Public policies for cyber security of sustainable dominated renewable smart grids

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Decentralized Coordination of Temperature Control in Multiarea Premises

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Secondary control with reduced communication requirements for accurate reactive power sharing in AC microgrids

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