Comprehensive review on alloy design, processing, and performance ofβTitanium alloys as biomedical materials

Abstract

Metastable β Ti alloys are widely projected for manufacturing the next generation of biomedical implants. The primary applications of these materials are envisaged in orthopedic, cardiovascular, and orthodontic biomedical devices. Development of an alloyprogresses through stages of compositional design, thermo-mechanical processing, and evaluation of material performance. This review tracks the progress at these three stages of alloy development particularly for use in orthopedic devices. The strategies to design low modulus compositions of β Ti alloys are critically reviewed. This is followed by the processing routes employed to achieve high strength to modulus ratio suitable for orthopedic applications. The effect of processing on performance metrics of these alloys vis-à-vis fatigue resistance, tribological response, corrosion behaviour, and biocompatibility are reviewed. In the end, targeted research areas for the future are highlighted along with encouraging strategies, with the aim to ensue clinical application of β Ti alloys.

Investigation of Coatings, Corrosion and Wear Characteristics of Machined Biomaterials through Hydroxyapatite Mixed-EDM Process: A Review

“…This figure provides information regarding the wear propagation when the implanted biomaterial is introduced to a high load, abrasive and corrosive fluids, high sliding speed, a high temperature in the presence of air, and large size debris. Microhardness is another surface property influencing the wear resistance of the biomaterials, but few previous studies have reported an increase in wear resistance due to improving the surface wettability (lubrication) rather than the hardness [121][122][123][124]. The coefficient of friction of a surface, which is defined as a function of the ratio of the friction forces and the normal loads, depends on not only these factors but also on the material characteristics and surface roughness.…”

“…An improvement in the wettability of the biomaterial surface enhances the lubrication action, decreasing the friction coefficient and increasing the wear resistance [125,126], whereas a rough surface results in an inferior wear resistance, along with a large coefficient of friction [127]. A decline in wear rate is found with a high microhardness and low friction coefficient due to offering a high normal load [123,125]. A high resistance to wear and low friction coefficient are therefore preferable for implants.…”

Tailoring a Low Young Modulus for a Beta Titanium Alloy by Combining Severe Plastic Deformation with Solution Treatment

“…For more than a decade, the metastable β-titanium alloys have been considered the most promising biomaterials for load bearing implants manufacturing due to low Young's modulus, high strength, and good ductility, a combination that can assure a suitable processability [1][2][3][4][5]. To achieve the right level of properties, there are some important requirements that must be met.…”

“…On the other hand, Mo and Fe can be used to a limited extent [6,8,9]. The most appreciated is Nb, which also has the strongest β-stabilizing character and high biocompatibility [1,2,10].…”

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Biocompatible Alloy, Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta-Sn

“…Research addressing titanium-based biocompatible alloys has captured great interest in recent decades [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Alloying and specific treatments, including thermal and deformation processing, results in reduced elastic modulus (or Young’s modulus) close to that of bone (10–30 GPa) [ 1 , 2 , 11 ].…”