Comprehensive review of conventional and state-of-the-art detection methods of Cryptosporidium

Luka, George; Samiei, Ehsan; Tasnim, Nishat; Dalili, Arash; Najjaran, Homayoun; Hoorfar, Mina

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126714

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Cryptosporidium spp. Is the pathogen most frequently associated with food- and water-borne outbreaks and enteric infections [ 117 ]. To better control the spread of this pathogen, an educational prevention program on this parasitosis should be implemented, focusing on hygienic behavior recommendations for individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium: Still Open Scenarios

Pane

Putignani

2022

Pathogens

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Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as a leading cause of childhood diarrhea and malnutrition in both low-income and high-income countries. The strong impact on public health in epidemic scenarios makes it increasingly essential to identify the sources of infection and understand the transmission routes in order to apply the right prevention or treatment protocols. The objective of this literature review was to present an overview of the current state of human cryptosporidiosis, reviewing risk factors, discussing advances in the drug treatment and epidemiology, and emphasizing the need to identify a government system for reporting diagnosed cases, hitherto undervalued.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium: Still Open Scenarios

Pane

Putignani

2022

Pathogens

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“…Other studies have coupled electrochemical biosensors with antibody-based and aptamer-based detection but suffer from low sensitivity and/or required time-consuming preparatory steps [14]. A recent proof of concept study, coupled an electrochemical biosensor with a specific anti- Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody with a detection limit of approximately 20 oocysts/5 μl in water [30 ▪ ].…”

Section: Point Of Care Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Point of care diagnostics for Cryptosporidium: new and emerging technologies

Hijjawi¹,

Zahedi²,

Ryan³

2022

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

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Purpose of reviewAlthough Cryptosporidium detection and typing techniques have improved dramatically in recent years, relatively little research has been conducted on point of care (POC) detection and typing tools. Therefore, the main purpose of the present review is to summarize and evaluate recent and emerging POC diagnostic methods for Cryptosporidium spp. Recent findingsMicroscopy techniques such as light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy with auramine-phenol staining (LED-AP), still have utility for (POC) diagnostics but require fluorescent microscopes and along with immunological-based techniques, suffer from lack of specificity and sensitivity. Molecular detection and typing tools offer higher sensitivity, specificity and speciation, but are currently too expensive for routine POC diagnostics. Isothermal amplification methods such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) including a commercially available LAMP kit have been developed for Cryptosporidium but are prone to false positives. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas diagnostic technologies (CRISPRDx) have recently been combined with isothermal amplification to increase its specificity and sensitivity for detection and typing. Other emerging technologies including amplification-free CRISPR detection methods are currently being developed for Cryptosporidium using a smartphone to read the results. SummaryMany challenges are still exist in the development of POC diagnostics for Cryptosporidium. The ideal POC tool would be able to concentrate the pathogen prior to detection and typing, which is complicated and research in this area is still very limited. In the short-term, CRISPR-powered isothermal amplification lateral flow tools offer the best opportunity for POC Cryptosporidium species and subtype detection, with a fully integrated autonomous biosensor for the long-term goal.

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“…3 Over the last decades, powerful pathogen detection methods based on cell culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been employed, but they often suffer from several downsides such as long processing times, large sample volumes, bulky and expensive equipment, high reagent costs and the need for highly trained personnel. [3][4][5][6][7] While these methods are possible, yet undesired, in high-income countries, they are simply unsuited for resource-limited environments, where simple, rapid, inexpensive and portable point-of-care (POC) devices are needed. 7,8 Under these conditions, biosensors, paper-based devices like lateral flow assays (LFA), dipsticks or microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) as well as conventional microfluidic sensors based on polymer substrates are suitable technologies for pathogen detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7] While these methods are possible, yet undesired, in high-income countries, they are simply unsuited for resource-limited environments, where simple, rapid, inexpensive and portable point-of-care (POC) devices are needed. 7,8 Under these conditions, biosensors, paper-based devices like lateral flow assays (LFA), dipsticks or microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) as well as conventional microfluidic sensors based on polymer substrates are suitable technologies for pathogen detection. 3,5,6,9 While paper-based devices are simple, inexpensive, portable, disposable, easy-to-store, user friendly and can transport fluids through capillary forces, they usually do not offer the same performance and functionality as conventional microfluidic devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%