Comprehensive profiling of phytochemicals in the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and its variety using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Xiao, Yumei; Liu, Xiaoqian; Zhang, Dong; Feng, Wei-Hong; Liang, Yu-Jing; Li, Chun; Wang, Zhimin

doi:10.1007/s11418-022-01627-0

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Flavonoids and iridoids compounds (geniposides) are the main active components of gardenia fruits [ 17 ]. Therefore, we focused on DEGs involved in flavonoid biosynthesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular basis of flavonoid accumulation in fructus of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

Chen,

Tang,

et al. 2023

BMC Genomics

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Background The fruits of Gardenia are rich in flavonoids and geniposides, which have various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome and metabolome of gardenia peel and kernel at different growth stages, revealed the regulatory network related to flavonoid synthesis, and identified the key regulatory genes. Results The results showed that in terms of flavonoid metabolic pathways, gardenia fruits mainly synthesized cinnamic acid through the phenylpropanoid pathway, and then synthesized flavonoids through the action of catalytic enzymes such as 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase and flavanol synthase, respectively. In addition, we found that the metabolomics data showed a certain spatial and temporal pattern in the expression of genes related to the flavonoid metabolism pathway and the relative content of metabolites, which was related to the development and ripening process of the fruit. Conclusions In summary, this study successfully screened out the key genes related to the biosynthesis metabolism of flavonoids in gardenia through the joint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. This is of certain significance to the in-depth study of the formation mechanism of gardenia efficacy components and the improvement of quality.

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“…Flavonoids and iridoids compounds (geniposides) are the main active components of gardenia fruits [ 17 ]. Therefore, we focused on DEGs involved in flavonoid biosynthesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular basis of flavonoid accumulation in fructus of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

Chen,

Tang,

et al. 2023

BMC Genomics

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“…Ye et al. employed both non-targeted and targeted data analyses to accurately discern the differences in phytochemicals accumulated in the fruits of three Gardenia species, Shuizhizi and two kinds of Zhizi cultivars ( Ye et al., 2022b ). The 13 compounds quantified in this study, including six iridoids, four organic acids, two pigments, and one flavonoid effectively differentiated between the medicinal materials of Zhizi and Shuizhizi , as well as between Zhizi sourced from Jiangxi and Fujian ( Figure 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhizi and Shuizhizi are rich in active chemicals, including iridoids (e.g., geniposide, geniposidic acid, shanzhiside, deacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester, genipin 1-gentiobioside, genipin), pigments (e.g., crocin I, crocin II), organic acids (e.g., caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid), and flavonoids (e.g., isoquercitrin, rutin) ( Xiao et al., 2017 ; Ye et al., 2022b ; Zhang et al., 2024 ). The abundant chemical components in Zhizi exhibit various pharmacological effects such as hepatoprotection ( Fan et al., 2020 ), anti-inflammatory ( Zhou et al., 2019 ), anti-hyperglycemia ( Zhou et al., 2023 ), anti-depression ( Zou et al., 2021 ), and anti-allergy ( Pyun et al., 2021 ) activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS

Qian,

Hu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Front. Plant Sci.

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Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) serves as both a medicinal and edible substance and finds widespread use in various industries. There are often two kinds of medicinal materials in the market: Zhizi and Shuizhizi. Typically, Zhizi with small, round fruit is used for medicinal purposes, while Shuizhizi, characterized by large, elongated fruit, is employed for dyeing. Market surveys have revealed a diverse range of Zhizi types, and modern research indicates that Shuizhizi contains rich chemical components and pharmacological activities. In this study, we collected 25 batches of Zhizi and Shuizhizi samples, categorizing them based on appearance into obovate and round fruits, with seven length grades (A–G). Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) method, we simultaneously quantified 13 main chemical components in fruits of Gardenia species. In addition, we compared the weight percentage of the pericarp, flesh, and seeds parts of samples with different traits, and quantified 13 chemical components in different parts. Results indicated that, aside from a few instances of overlapping fruit size ranges, Shuizhizi generally exhibits larger and longer dimensions than Zhizi. The weight proportion of the Shuizhizi pericarp is often higher than that of the Zhizi pericarp. Quantitative results highlighted significant differences in the chemical component content between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with Shuizhizi generally containing higher levels of iridoids. The PCA and OPLS-DA analysis distinctly divided Shuizhizi and Zhizi, among which three iridoids, two organic acids, and one flavonoid made significant contributions to their classification. Cluster heatmap analysis also demonstrated complete separation between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with clear distinctions among Zhizi samples from different origins. The distribution of the 13 chemical components in different Zhizi and Shuizhizi parts remained consistent, with iridoids and pigments concentrated in the seeds and flesh, and two organic acids and one flavonoid enriched in the pericarp. In summary, this study contributes valuable insights for classifying Zhizi and offers guidance on the rational use of Shuizhizi and the different parts of Zhizi.

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Gardenia yellow pigment: Extraction methods, biological activities, current trends, and future prospects

Yin,

Niu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Food Research International

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Comprehensive profiling of phytochemicals in the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and its variety using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Cited by 4 publications

References 53 publications

Multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular basis of flavonoid accumulation in fructus of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

Multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular basis of flavonoid accumulation in fructus of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS

Gardenia yellow pigment: Extraction methods, biological activities, current trends, and future prospects

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